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321211-002
Revision 2.5
January 2011
PCI-SIG SR-IOV Primer
An Introduction to SR-IOV Technology
Intel
®
LAN Access Division

PCI-SIG SR-IOV Primer 321211-002
2 Revision 2.5
January 2011
Legal
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Copyright © 2008-2011. Intel Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

321211-002 PCI-SIG SR-IOV Primer
Revision 2.5 3
January 2011
Revisions
Date Revision Description
April 2008 1.0 Initial release. Confidential.
December 2008 2.0 Confidential status removed.
January 2011 2.5 Updated Material.

PCI-SIG SR-IOV Primer 321211-002
4 Revision 2.5
January 2011
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5
2 Background .................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Virtualization Trends ................................................................................. 6
2.2 I/O Virtualization Goals ............................................................................. 6
2.3 I/O Sharing Approaches ............................................................................ 6
2.3.1 Software-Based Sharing .............................................................. 7
2.3.1.1 Drawbacks to Software-Based Sharing ............................ 7
2.3.2 Direct Assignment ...................................................................... 9
2.3.2.1 Drawbacks to Direct Assignment ................................... 10
3 PCI-SIG Single Root I/O Virtualization and Sharing ............................................................ 11
3.1 SR-IOV Goals ......................................................................................... 13
3.2 SR-IOV Overview .................................................................................... 13
4 Related Technologies ..................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Alternative Routing-ID Interpretation (ARI) ................................................ 15
4.2 Address Translation Services (ATS) ........................................................... 16
4.2.1 Intel® Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O (Intel® VT-d) ....... 17
4.3 Access Control Services (ACS) .................................................................. 18
5 Eco-System Requirements ............................................................................................. 20
5.1 BIOS ..................................................................................................... 20
5.2 Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) ................................................................. 20
5.2.1 Virtual Function (VF) Creation ..................................................... 20
5.2.2 VF Discovery ............................................................................. 21
5.2.3 Support for VF Driver to Physical Function Driver Communication ..... 21
5.2.4 VF Assignment to Virtual Machines ............................................... 21
6 Master Driver (MD) ....................................................................................................... 22
6.1 Virtual Function Drivers ........................................................................... 23
6.2 VF Driver to Master Driver Communication ................................................. 24
6.3 Theory of Operations ............................................................................... 24
6.4 Summary ............................................................................................... 25
7 Additional Resources ..................................................................................................... 27

321211-002 PCI-SIG SR-IOV Primer
Revision 2.5 5
January 2011
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IBM* introduced virtualization on the VM/370 mainframe 30 years ago as a way to run
multiple environments on one system. At the time, computing resources were expensive
and allowing multiple environments to coexist meant that businesses didn’t have to invest in
a second mainframe.
Today there is a different motivation driving the trend toward virtualization. With IA-based
(Intel Architecture) servers, the price structure has changed so much that hardware cost is
no longer the issue. Bigger problems are physical space in the data center, power/cooling
costs, and management. The performance of the IA-based servers has also increased to a
point where there is a large amount of idle capacity.
With virtualization, IT departments can utilize that spare capacity rather than adding a new
physical server to support a new environment.
Figure 1. Common Virtualized Environment
Adding the virtualization layer introduces overhead that consumes some of the idle capacity.
There has been significant effort in the computing industry to address this overhead. Intel
has introduced a set of processor, chipset and Ethernet Controller enhancements defined
under Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel® VT) toward this end. Intel® VT improves the
performance, efficiency, and robustness of virtualized platforms.
The latest trend is to develop complementary mechanisms in the I/O subsystem. The PCI-
SIG* has developed the Single Root I/O Virtualization Specification (v1.1) to address
sharing of I/O devices in a standard way.
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