ISO/IEC14882:2003C++03C++标准英文版PDF非扫描版

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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC

STANDARD 14882

Second edition

2003-04-01

________________________________________

Programming languages — C

+ +

Langages de programmation — C

+ +

________________________________________

Reference number

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

Contents

1 General ........................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Scope........................................................................................................................................................1

1.2 Normative references ...............................................................................................................................1

1.3 Definitions ...............................................................................................................................................1

1.3.1 argument ...............................................................................................................................................1

1.3.2 diagnostic message ...............................................................................................................................2

1.3.3 dynamic type .........................................................................................................................................2

1.3.4 ill-formed program................................................................................................................................2

1.3.5 implementation-defined behavior .........................................................................................................2

1.3.6 implementation limits ...........................................................................................................................2

1.3.7 locale-specific behavior ........................................................................................................................2

1.3.8 multibyte character ...............................................................................................................................2

1.3.9 parameter ..............................................................................................................................................2

1.3.10 signature ..............................................................................................................................................2

1.3.11 static type ............................................................................................................................................2

1.3.12 undefined behavior .............................................................................................................................2

1.3.13 unspecified behavior ...........................................................................................................................3

1.3.14 well-formed program ..........................................................................................................................3

1.4 Implementation compliance.....................................................................................................................3

1.5 Structure of this International Standard ...................................................................................................4

1.6 Syntax notation ........................................................................................................................................4

1.7 The C + + memory model ...........................................................................................................................4

1.8 The C + + object model ..............................................................................................................................4

1.9 Program execution ...................................................................................................................................5

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 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

1.10 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................8

2 Lexical conventions ....................................................................................................................................9

2.1 Phases of translation ................................................................................................................................9

2.2 Character sets .........................................................................................................................................10

2.3 Trigraph sequences ................................................................................................................................11

2.4 Preprocessing tokens .............................................................................................................................11

2.5 Alternative tokens ..................................................................................................................................12

2.6 Tokens....................................................................................................................................................12

2.7 Comments ..............................................................................................................................................12

2.8 Header names .........................................................................................................................................13

2.9 Preprocessing numbers ..........................................................................................................................13

2.10 Identifiers .............................................................................................................................................13

2.11 Keywords .............................................................................................................................................14

2.12 Operators and punctuators ...................................................................................................................15

2.13 Literals .................................................................................................................................................15

2.13.1 Integer literals ...................................................................................................................................15

2.13.2 Character literals ...............................................................................................................................16

2.13.3 Floating literals .................................................................................................................................18

2.13.4 String literals .....................................................................................................................................19

2.13.5 Boolean literals .................................................................................................................................19

3 Basic concepts ..........................................................................................................................................21

3.1 Declarations and definitions ..................................................................................................................21

3.2 One definition rule .................................................................................................................................22

3.3 Declarative regions and scopes ..............................................................................................................24

3.3.1 Point of declaration .............................................................................................................................25

3.3.2 Local scope .........................................................................................................................................26

3.3.3 Function prototype scope ....................................................................................................................26

3.3.4 Function scope ....................................................................................................................................27

3.3.5 Namespace scope ................................................................................................................................27

3.3.6 Class scope..........................................................................................................................................27

3.3.7 Name hiding........................................................................................................................................28

3.4 Name lookup ..........................................................................................................................................29

3.4.1 Unqualified name lookup ...................................................................................................................29

3.4.2 Argument-dependent name lookup .....................................................................................................32

3.4.3 Qualified name lookup .......................................................................................................................34

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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)  ISO/IEC

3.4.3.1 Class members .................................................................................................................................35

3.4.3.2 Namespace members .......................................................................................................................35

3.4.4 Elaborated type specifiers ...................................................................................................................39

3.4.5 Class member access ..........................................................................................................................40

3.4.6 Using-directives and namespace aliases .............................................................................................41

3.5 Program and linkage ..............................................................................................................................41

3.6 Start and termination..............................................................................................................................43

3.6.1 Main function......................................................................................................................................43

3.6.2 Initialization of non-local objects .......................................................................................................44

3.6.3 Termination.........................................................................................................................................45

3.7 Storage duration .....................................................................................................................................46

3.7.1 Static storage duration ........................................................................................................................46

3.7.2 Automatic storage duration.................................................................................................................46

3.7.3 Dynamic storage duration ...................................................................................................................47

3.7.3.1 Allocation functions.........................................................................................................................47

3.7.3.2 Deallocation functions .....................................................................................................................48

3.7.4 Duration of sub-objects.......................................................................................................................48

3.8 Object Lifetime ......................................................................................................................................49

3.9 Types......................................................................................................................................................52

3.9.1 Fundamental types ..............................................................................................................................53

3.9.2 Compound types .................................................................................................................................55

3.9.3 CV-qualifiers ......................................................................................................................................55

3.10 Lvalues and rvalues .............................................................................................................................56

4 Standard conversions ................................................................................................................................59

4.1 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion ..................................................................................................................59

4.2 Array-to-pointer conversion ..................................................................................................................60

4.3 Function-to-pointer conversion .............................................................................................................60

4.4 Qualification conversions ......................................................................................................................60

4.5 Integral promotions ................................................................................................................................61

4.6 Floating point promotion .......................................................................................................................61

4.7 Integral conversions ...............................................................................................................................62

4.8 Floating point conversions .....................................................................................................................62

4.9 Floating-integral conversions ................................................................................................................62

4.10 Pointer conversions ..............................................................................................................................62

4.11 Pointer to member conversions ...........................................................................................................63

 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

4.12 Boolean conversions ............................................................................................................................63

5 Expressions ...............................................................................................................................................65

5.1 Primary expressions ...............................................................................................................................66

5.2 Postfix expressions ................................................................................................................................68

5.2.1 Subscripting ........................................................................................................................................68

5.2.2 Function call .......................................................................................................................................68

5.2.3 Explicit type conversion (functional notation) ...................................................................................70

5.2.4 Pseudo destructor call .........................................................................................................................70

5.2.5 Class member access ..........................................................................................................................70

5.2.6 Increment and decrement ....................................................................................................................71

5.2.7 Dynamic cast ......................................................................................................................................72

5.2.8 Type identification ..............................................................................................................................73

5.2.9 Static cast ............................................................................................................................................74

5.2.10 Reinterpret cast .................................................................................................................................75

5.2.11 Const cast ..........................................................................................................................................76

5.3 Unary expressions ..................................................................................................................................78

5.3.1 Unary operators...................................................................................................................................78

5.3.2 Increment and decrement ....................................................................................................................79

5.3.3 Sizeof ..................................................................................................................................................79

5.3.4 New .....................................................................................................................................................80

5.3.5 Delete ..................................................................................................................................................83

5.4 Explicit type conversion (cast notation) ................................................................................................84

5.5 Pointer-to-member operators .................................................................................................................85

5.6 Multiplicative operators .........................................................................................................................85

5.7 Additive operators .................................................................................................................................86

5.8 Shift operators ........................................................................................................................................87

5.9 Relational operators ...............................................................................................................................87

5.10 Equality operators ................................................................................................................................88

5.11 Bitwise

AND operator ..........................................................................................................................89

5.12 Bitwise exclusive OR operator .............................................................................................................89

5.13 Bitwise inclusive OR operator .............................................................................................................89

5.14 Logical AND operator ..........................................................................................................................89

5.15 Logical

OR operator .............................................................................................................................90

5.16 Conditional operator ............................................................................................................................90

5.17 Assignment operators ..........................................................................................................................91

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