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近年来随着可汗学院 、MOOC 等在线学习以及国内名企 、 高校的远程教育的兴起 , 在线学习的发展缺不了技术标准来规 范 , 在国际上众多的技术标准中 , 美国国防部资助的 ADL (高级 分布式学习)项目组制定和发布 SCORM (可共享内容对象参考 模型)是当前最具代表性的标准 , 在国内在线教育中也最为普及 应用 。 每个标准都在特定的时代满足人们学习的一些需求 , 同 时也会随着时间的发展暴露出不足之处 。 SCORM 历经十余年 教育应用 , 逐渐暴露出一些缺陷和不足 。 针对 SCORM 标准的 局限性 , ADL 制定了新的技术标准 Tin Can API (应用程序接口 规范) , 主要用于跟踪和记录学习经历 , 对当前在线学习的启示 将推动在线学习新发展 。
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VERSION 1.0.0
SPECIFICATION RELEASE DATE: 26 APRIL 2013
THE ADVANCED DISTRIBUTED LEARNING (ADL) INITIATIVE
This document was authored by members of the Experience API Working Group (see list on
pages 3-4) in support of the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Readiness),
Director, Training Readiness and Strategy, Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) Initiative.
This PDF copy of the specification was synchronized with the authoritative document that resides
on the ADL GitHub site - https://github.com/adlnet/xAPI-Spec/blob/master/xAPI.md - on 26 April
2013 and is considered to be version 1.0.0. It represents a snapshot of the authoritative
document. Please go to https://github.com/adlnet/xAPI-Spec to view the most current version of
the specification.
Minor version releases, which include corrections and/or additional changes that are made to the
specification on GitHub after the 1.0.0 release date, will not necessarily result in publication of an
updated PDF file. Updated PDF files may be published to reflect significant changes and/or
corrections to the specification.
Please send all feedback and inquiries to: helpdesk@adlnet.gov
Copyright 2013 Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) Initiative, U.S. Department of Defense
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except
in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,
either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
v1.0.0
© 2013 Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative, U.S. Department of Defense (Last updated 2013-05-21) i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Revision History ...................................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Role of the Experience API ..................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 A .......................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Contributors ............................................................................................................................................. 2
2.2.1 Working Group Participants ................................................................................................................. 3
2.2.2 Requirements Gathering Participants .................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Reading Guidelines for the non-technically inclined ............................................................................... 4
3.0 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 5
4.0 Statement ................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1 Statement Properties .............................................................................................................................. 7
4.1.1 ID .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.2 Actor ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.3 Verb .................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1.4 Object ................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.1.4 Result ................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.5 Context ............................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.6 Timestamp ......................................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.7 Stored ................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1.8 Authority ............................................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.9 Version ............................................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.10 Attachments ..................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1.11 Data Constraints .............................................................................................................................. 32
4.2 Retrieval of Statements ......................................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Voided ................................................................................................................................................... 34
4.4 Signed Statements ................................................................................................................................ 35
5.0 Miscellaneous Types ............................................................................................................................. 36
5.1 Document .............................................................................................................................................. 36
5.2 Language Map ...................................................................................................................................... 36
5.3 Extensions ............................................................................................................................................. 37
5.4 Identifier Metadata ................................................................................................................................ 38
6.0 Runtime Communication ....................................................................................................................... 39
6.1 Encoding ............................................................................................................................................... 39
6.2 API Versioning ...................................................................................................................................... 40
6.3 Concurrency .......................................................................................................................................... 41
6.4 Security ................................................................................................................................................. 42
6.4.1 How to Handle Each Scenario ........................................................................................................... 43
6.4.2 OAuth Authorization Scope ................................................................................................................ 44
7.0 Data Transfer (REST) ........................................................................................................................... 46
7.1 Error Codes ........................................................................................................................................... 47
7.2 Statement API ....................................................................................................................................... 48
7.3 Document APIs ..................................................................................................................................... 52
v1.0.0
© 2013 Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative, U.S. Department of Defense (Last updated 2013-05-21) ii
7.4 State API ............................................................................................................................................... 54
7.5 Activity Profile API ................................................................................................................................. 56
7.6 Agent Profile API ................................................................................................................................... 58
7.7 About Resource .................................................................................................................................... 60
7.8 Cross Origin Requests .......................................................................................................................... 61
7.9 Validation .............................................................................................................................................. 62
7.10 HTTP HEAD ........................................................................................................................................ 62
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................. 63
Appendix A: Bookmarklet ............................................................................................................................ 63
Appendix B: Creating an "IE Mode" Request .............................................................................................. 66
Appendix C: Example definitions for Activities of type "cmi.interaction" ..................................................... 67
Appendix D: Example Statements .............................................................................................................. 72
Appendix E: Converting Statements to 1.0.0 .............................................................................................. 74
Appendix F: Example Signed Statement .................................................................................................... 77
v1.0.0
© 2013 Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative, U.S. Department of Defense (Last updated 2013-05-21) 1
THE EXPERIENCE API, VERSION 1.0.0
1.0 REVISION HISTORY OF THE SPECIFICATION
0.8 (ProjectTin Can API Deliverable) to 0.9
(March 31, 2012)
Rustici Software, who delivered the Project Tin
Can API, made modifications to the API prior to
the April 2012 Kickoff Meeting. It was voted in
this meeting to move those changes into the
current spec and revision to 0.9.
0.90 to 0.95
(August 31, 2012)
"Core" Verbs and Activity types were removed
from the specification. References to these
Verbs in results, context, interactions, and
Activity definitions were also removed. It was
recommended that implementers prefer
community defined verbs to creating their own
Verbs.
Verbs, Activity types, and extension keys
are now URIs.
Restructured and added language around
some of the other implementation details
and scope.
Changed from using a person-centric view
of Agents to a persona-centric view.
Friend of a Friend (FOAF) Agent merging
requirement was removed.
Agent Objects must now have exactly 1
uniquely identifying property, instead of at
least one.
0.95 to 1.0.0
(April 26, 2013)
Various refinements and clarifications including:
Adding attachments
Activity metadata is now stored as JSON
rather than XML
Changes to voiding Statements
Clarification and naming of the Document
APIs
Changes to querying the Statement API
Signed Statements
(May 21, 2013)
Corrected Table of Contents section
numbers
Changed URL and URI to IRL and IRI
where appropriate
Fixed minor editorial inconsistencies
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