Python-GUI-Tkinter教程

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Tkinter reference: a GUI

for Python

John W. Shipman

2005-04-10 23:01

Table of Contents

1. What is Tkinter? ...................................................................................................................... 2

2. A minimal application .............................................................................................................. 3

3. Layout management ................................................................................................................ 3

3.1. The .grid() method .................................................................................................... 4

3.2. Other grid management methods ................................................................................... 5

4. Standard attributes .................................................................................................................. 5

4.1. Dimensions ................................................................................................................... 5

4.2. Coordinate system ......................................................................................................... 6

4.3. Colors ........................................................................................................................... 6

4.4. Type fonts ..................................................................................................................... 6

4.5. Anchors ........................................................................................................................ 8

4.6. Relief styles ................................................................................................................... 8

4.7. Bitmaps ........................................................................................................................ 8

4.8. Cursors ......................................................................................................................... 9

4.9. Images ........................................................................................................................ 10

4.10. Geometry strings ....................................................................................................... 10

4.11. Window names .......................................................................................................... 11

5. The Button widget ................................................................................................................ 11

6. The Canvas widget ................................................................................................................ 13

6.1. Canvas concepts .......................................................................................................... 14

6.2. Methods on Canvas objects ......................................................................................... 15

6.3. The canvas arc object ................................................................................................... 19

6.4. The canvas bitmap object ............................................................................................. 20

6.5. The canvas image object ............................................................................................... 20

6.6. The canvas line object .................................................................................................. 20

6.7. The canvas oval object .................................................................................................. 21

6.8. The canvas polygon object ............................................................................................ 22

6.9. The canvas rectangle object .......................................................................................... 23

6.10. The canvas text object ................................................................................................. 23

6.11. The canvas window object .......................................................................................... 24

7. The Checkbutton widget ...................................................................................................... 24

8. The Entry widget .................................................................................................................. 27

8.1. Scrolling an Entry widget ........................................................................................... 30

9. The Frame widget .................................................................................................................. 31

10. The Label widget ................................................................................................................ 32

11. The Listbox widget ............................................................................................................ 33

11.1. Scrolling a Listbox widget ....................................................................................... 36

12. The Menu widget .................................................................................................................. 36

1Tkinter referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

12.1. Menu item creation (coption) options ....................................................................... 38

13. The Menubutton widget ...................................................................................................... 39

14. The Radiobutton widget .................................................................................................... 41

15. The Scale widget ................................................................................................................ 44

16. The Scrollbar widget ........................................................................................................ 47

16.1. The scrollbar command callback .................................................................................. 49

16.2. Connecting scrollbars to other widgets ........................................................................ 49

17. The Text widget .................................................................................................................. 50

17.1. Indices in text widgets ................................................................................................ 52

17.2. Marks in text widgets ................................................................................................. 52

17.3. Images in text widgets ................................................................................................ 53

17.4. Windows in text widgets ............................................................................................ 53

17.5. Tags in text widgets ................................................................................................... 53

17.6. Setting tabs in a Text widget ...................................................................................... 54

17.7. Methods on Text widgets .......................................................................................... 54

18. Toplevel: Top-level window methods ................................................................................. 60

19. Universal widget methods .................................................................................................... 61

20. Standardizing appearance ..................................................................................................... 68

20.1. How to name a widget class ....................................................................................... 69

20.2. How to name a widget instance .................................................................................. 69

20.3. Resource specification lines ........................................................................................ 69

20.4. Rules for resource matching ........................................................................................ 70

21. Connecting your application logic to the widgets .................................................................... 71

22. Control variables: the values behind the widgets .................................................................... 71

23. Focus: routing keyboard input ............................................................................................... 73

24. Events .................................................................................................................................. 75

24.1. Levels of binding ....................................................................................................... 75

24.2. Event sequences ......................................................................................................... 76

24.3. Event types ................................................................................................................ 76

24.4. Event modifiers ......................................................................................................... 77

24.5. Key names ................................................................................................................. 78

24.6. Writing your handler ................................................................................................. 80

24.7. The extra arguments trick ........................................................................................... 81

24.8. Virtual events ............................................................................................................ 82

1. What is Tkinter?

Tkinter is a GUI (graphical user interface) widget set for Python. This document contains only the

commoner features.

This document applies to Python 1.5 and Tkinter 8.0.4 running in the X Window system under Linux.

Your version may vary.

Pertinent references:

•

An Introduction to Tkinter [1] by Fredrik Lundh

•

Python and Tkinter Programming by John Grayson (Manning, 2000, ISBN 1-884777-81-3).

•

Python 2.2 quick reference [2]: general information about the Python language.

[1] http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/index.htm

[2] http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/python22/

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter reference2

• This publication is available in Web form [3] and also as a PDF document [4]. Please forward any

comments to tcc-doc@nmt.edu.

We'll start by looking at the visible part of Tkinter: creating the widgets and arranging them on the

screen. Later we will talk about how to connect the face—the “front panel”—of the application to the

logic behind it.

2. A minimal application

Here is a trivial Tkinter program containing only a Quit button:

#!/usr/local/bin/python

from Tkinter import *

class Application(Frame):

def __init__(self, master=None):

Frame.__init__(self, master)

self.grid()

self.createWidgets()

def createWidgets(self):

self.quitButton = Button ( self, text="Quit",

command=self.quit )

self.quitButton.grid()

app = Application()

app.master.title("Sample application")

app.mainloop()

This line makes the script self-executing, assuming that your system has the Python interpreter at

path /usr/local/bin/python.

This line imports the entire Tkinter package into your program's namespace.

Your application class must inherit from Tkinter's Frame class.

Calls the constructor for the parent class, Frame.

Necessary to make the application actually appear on the screen.

Creates a button labeled “Quit”.

Places the button on the application.

The main program starts here by instantiating the Application class.

This method call sets the title of the window to “Sample application”.

Starts the application's main loop, waiting for mouse and keyboard events.

3. Layout management

Later we will discuss the widgets, the building blocks of your GUI application. How do widgets get

arranged in a window?

Although there are three different “geometry managers” in Tkinter, the author strongly prefers the

.grid() geometry manager for pretty much everything. This manager treats every window or frame

as a table—a gridwork of rows and columns.

[3] http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/

[4] http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/tkinter.pdf

3Tkinter referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

•

A cell is the area at the intersection of one row and one column.

• The width of each column is the width of the widest cell in that column.

• The height of each row is the height of the largest cell in that row.

• For widgets that do not fill the entire cell, you can specify what happens to the extra space. You can

either leave the extra space outside the widget, or stretch the widget to fit it, in either the horizontal

or vertical dimension.

•

You can combine multiple cells into one larger area, a process called spanning.

When you create a widget, it does not appear until you register it with a geometry manager. Hence,

construction and placing of a widget is a two-step process that goes something like this:

thing = Constructor(master, ...)

thing.grid(...)

where Constructor is one of the widget classes like Button, Frame, and so on, and master is the

parent widget in which this child widget is being constructed. All widgets have a .grid() method

that you can use to tell the geometry manager where to put it.

3.1. The .grid() method

To display a widget w on your application screen:

w.grid(option, ...)

This method registers a widget w with the grid geometry manager—if you don't do this, the widget will

exist internally, but it will not be visible on the screen.

Here are the options to the .grid() geometry management method:

The column number where you want the widget gridded, counting from

zero. The default value is zero.

column

Normally a widget occupies only one cell in the grid. However, you can grab

multiple cells of a row and merge them into one larger cell by setting the

columnspan

columnspan option to the number of cells. For example, w.grid(row=0,

column=2, columnspan=3) would place widget w in a cell that spans

columns 2, 3, and 4 of row 0.

Internal x padding. This dimension is added inside the widget inside its left

and right sides.

ipadx

Internal y padding. This dimension is added inside the widget inside its top

and bottom borders.

ipady

External x padding. This dimension is added to the left and right outside the

widget.

padx

External y padding. This dimension is added above and below the widget.

pady

The row number into which you want to insert the widget, counting from 0.

The default is the next higher-numbered unoccupied row.

row

Normally a widget occupies only one cell in the grid. You can grab multiple

adjacent cells of a column, however, by setting the rowspan option to the

rowspan

number of cells to grab. This option can be used in combination with the

columnspan option to grab a block of cells. For example, w.grid(row=3,

column=2, rowspan=4, columnspan=5) would place widget w in an

area formed by merging 20 cells, with row numbers 3–6 and column numbers

2–6.

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter reference4

This option determines how to distribute any extra space within the cell that

is not taken up by the widget at its natural size. See below.

sticky

•

If you do not provide a sticky attribute, the default behavior is to center the widget in the cell.

•

You can position the widget in a corner of the cell by using sticky=NE (top right), SE (bottom

right), SW (bottom left), or NW (top left).

•

You can position the widget centered against one side of the cell by using sticky=N (top center),

E (right center), S (bottom center), or W (left center).

•

Use sticky=N+S to stretch the widget vertically but leave it centered horizontally.

•

Use sticky=E+W to stretch it horizontally but leave it centered vertically.

•

Use sticky=N+E+S+W to stretch the widget both horizontally and vertically to fill the cell.

•

The other combinations will also work. For example, sticky=N+S+W will stretch the widget vertically

and place it against the west (left) wall.

3.2. Other grid management methods

These grid-related methods are defined on all widgets:

w.grid_forget()

This method makes widget w disappear from the screen. It still exists, it just isn't visible. You can

use .grid() it to make it appear again, but it won't remember its grid options.

w.grid_propagate()

Normally, all widgets propagate their dimensions, meaning that they adjust to fit the contents.

However, sometimes you want to force a widget to be a certain size, regardless of the size of its

contents. To do this, call w.grid_propagate(0) where w is the widget whose size you want to

force.

w.grid_remove()

This method is like .grid_forget(), but its grid options are remembered, so if you .grid() it

again, it will use the same grid configuration options.

4. Standard attributes

Before we look at the widgets, let's take a look at how some of their common attributes—such as sizes,

colors and fonts—are specified.

•

Each widget has a set of options that affect its appearance and behavior—attributes such as fonts,

colors, sizes, text labels, and such.

• You can specify options when calling the widget's constructor using keyword arguments such as

text="PANIC!" or height=20.

•

After you have created a widget, you can later change any option by using the widget's .config()

method, and retrieve the current setting of any option by using the widget's .cget() method. See

Section 19, “Universal widget methods” (p. 61) for more on these methods.

4.1. Dimensions

Various lengths, widths, and other dimensions of widgets can be described in many different units.

• If you set a dimension to an integer, it is assumed to be in pixels.

5Tkinter referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

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