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I
Programming
Embedded
Systems I
A 10-week course, using C
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
‘8051’
8
9
10
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
23
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21
P3.0
P1.7
RST
P1.6
P1.5
P1.4
P1.2
P1.3
P1.1
P1.0
VSS
XTL2
XTL1
P3.7
P3.6
P3.5
P3.3
P3.4
P3.2
P3.1
/ EA
P0.6
P0.7
P0.5
P0.4
P0.3
P0.1
P0.2
P0.0
VCC
P2.0
P2.2
P2.1
P2.3
P2.4
P2.5
P2.7
P2.6
/ PSEN
ALE
Michael J. Pont
University of Leicester
[v1.2]

II
Copyright © Michael J. Pont, 2002-2003
This document may be freely distributed and copied, provided that copyright notice at
the foot of each OHP page is clearly visible in all copies.

III
Seminar 1: “Hello, Embedded World” 1
Overview of this seminar 2
Overview of this course 3
By the end of the course … 4
Main course textbook 5
Why use C? 6
Pre-requisites! 7
The 8051 microcontroller 8
The “super loop” software architecture 9
Strengths and weaknesseses of “super loops” 10
Example: Central-heating controller 11
Reading from (and writing to) port pins 12
SFRs and ports 13
SFRs and ports 14
Creating and using sbit variables 15
Example: Reading and writing bytes 16
Creating “software delays” 17
Using the performance analyzer to test software delays 18
Strengths and weaknesses of software-only delays 19
Preparation for the next seminar 20

IV
Seminar 2: Basic hardware foundations (resets, oscillators and port I/O) 21
Review: The 8051 microcontroller 22
Review: Central-heating controller 23
Overview of this seminar 24
Oscillator Hardware 25
How to connect a crystal to a microcontroller 27
Oscillator frequency and machine cycle period 28
Keep the clock frequency as low as possible 29
Stability issues 30
Improving the stability of a crystal oscillator 31
Overall strengths and weaknesses 32
Reset Hardware 34
More robust reset circuits 35
Driving DC Loads 36
Use of pull-up resistors 38
Driving a low-power load without using a buffer 39
Using an IC Buffer 40
Example: Buffering three LEDs with a 74HC04 41
What is a multi-segment LED? 42
Driving a single digit 43
Preparation for the next seminar 44

V
Seminar 3: Reading Switches 45
Introduction 46
Review: Basic techniques for reading from port pins 47
Example: Reading and writing bytes (review) 48
Example: Reading and writing bits (simple version) 49
Example: Reading and writing bits (generic version) 51
The need for pull-up resistors 56
The need for pull-up resistors 57
The need for pull-up resistors 58
Dealing with switch bounce 59
Example: Reading switch inputs (basic code) 61
Example: Counting goats 68
Conclusions 74
Preparation for the next seminar 75
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