运算放大器参考设计.pdf_运算放大器

运算放大器

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Design

Reference

Advanced Analog ProductsAugust 2002

SLOD006B

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections,

modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at

any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the

latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current

and complete. All products are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the

time of order acknowledgment.

TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of

sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are

used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by

government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.

TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are

responsible for their products and applications using TI components. To minimize the risks

associated with customer products and applications, customers should provide adequate design

and operating safeguards.

TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any

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combination, machine, or process in which TI products or services are used. Information

published by TI regarding third party products or services does not constitute a license from TI

to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement thereof. Use of such information

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party, or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI.

Reproduction of information in TI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction

is without alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties, conditions, limitations, and

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Mailing Address:

Texas Instruments

Post Office Box 655303

Dallas, Texas 75265

Forward

Everyone interested in analog electronics should find some value in this book, and an ef-

fort has been made to make the material understandable to the relative novice while not

too boring for the practicing engineer. Special effort has been taken to ensure that each

chapter can stand alone for the reader with the proper background. Of course, this causes

redundancy that some people might find boring, but it’s worth the price to enable the satis-

faction of a diversified audience.

Start at Chapter 1 if you are a novice, and read through until completion of Chapter 9. After

Chapter 9 is completed, the reader can jump to any chapter and be confident that they

are prepared for the material. More experienced people such as electronic technicians,

digital engineers, and non-electronic engineers can start at Chapter 3 and read through

Chapter 9. Senior electronic technicians, electronic engineers, and fledgling analog engi-

neers can start anywhere they feel comfortable and read through Chapter 9. Experienced

analog engineers should jump to the subject that interests them. Analog gurus should

send their additions, corrections, and complaints to me, and if they see something that

looks familiar, they should feel complimented that others appreciate their contributions.

Chapter 1 is a history and story chapter. It is not required reading for anyone, but it defines

the op amp’s place in the world of analog electronics. Chapter 2 reviews some basic phys-

ics and develops the fundamental circuit equations that are used throughout the book.

Similar equations have been developed in other books, but the presentation here empha-

sizes material required for speedy op amp design. The ideal op amp equations are devel-

oped in Chapter 3, and this chapter enables the reader to rapidly compute op amp transfer

equations including ac response. The emphasis on single power supply systems forces

the designer to bias circuits when the inputs are referenced to ground, and Chapter 4

gives a detailed procedure that quickly yields a working solution every time.

Op amps can’t exist without feedback, and feedback has inherent stability problems,

so feedback and stability are covered in Chapter 5. Chapters 6 and 7 develop the voltage

feedback op amp equations, and they teach the concept of relative stability and com-

pensation of potentially unstable op amps. Chapter 8 develops the current feedback op

amp equations and discusses current feedback stability. Chapter 9 compares current

feedback and voltage feedback op amps. The meat of this book is Chapters 12, 13, and

14 where the reader is shown how design the converter to transducer/actuator interface

with the aid of op amps.

The remaining chapters give support material for Chapters 12, 13, and 14. Chapter 18

was a late addition. Portable applications are expanding rapidly and they emphasize the

need for low-voltage/low-power design techniques. Chapter 18 defines some parameters

in a new way so they lend themselves to low voltage design, and it takes the reader

through several low voltage designs.

Contents

iii

Contents

1 The Op Amp’s Place In The World 1-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Review of Circuit Theory 2-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1 Introduction 2-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Laws of Physics 2-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3 Voltage Divider Rule 2-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4 Current Divider Rule 2-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 Thevenin’s Theorem 2-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6 Superposition 2-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.7 Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit 2-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.8 Transistor Amplifier 2-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations 3-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions 3-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 The Noninverting Op Amp 3-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3 The Inverting Op Amp 3-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4 The Adder 3-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.5 The Differential Amplifier 3-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.6 Complex Feedback Networks 3-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.7 Video Amplifiers 3-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.8 Capacitors 3-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.9 Summary 3-11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques 4-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1 Single Supply versus Dual Supply 4-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Circuit Analysis 4-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 Simultaneous Equations 4-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3.1 Case 1: VOUT = +mVIN+b 4-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3.2 Case 2: VOUT = +mVIN – b 4-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3.3 Case 3: VOUT = –mVIN + b 4-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3.4 Case 4: VOUT = –mVIN – b 4-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4 Summary 4-22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Feedback and Stability Theory 5-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1 Why Study Feedback Theory? 5-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2 Block Diagram Math and Manipulations 5-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 Feedback Equation and Stability 5-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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