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首页华为HCNP-学习-笔记.docx
一.PC-PC: 路由:直连,静态,动态(rip ospf bgp isis) 交换:STP 聚合 VLAN 路由转发条件:《1》有路由表《2》根据目的IP查找路由表 控制平面:路由协议->路由表 数据平面:根据目的IP查找路由表转发 《2》比较路由【规则】a:比较掩码长度,长度越长越优先 B:当掩码相同时,比较优先级,优先级越小越优先 直连(0)-OSPF(10)-静态(60)-RIP(100) C:当掩码和优先级都相同时,比较度量(跳数,开销【带宽】)越小越优先 二.静态路由 《1》在配置命令时,不配出接口:迭代查询,到达下一跳需多次查询路由表【容易导致延迟大,路由黑洞】 认为从该接口立即能找到目的IP,从而请求目的IP的MAC,但无法得到,所以不通 【解决办法:ARP代理】即代理目的IP的MAC回复给请求方自己的MAC,条件是回复方有到目的IP的路由 ARP代理配置:[接口]arp-proxy enable【arp代理开启,默认不开启】 二动态路由【RIP,BGP(边界网关路由协议) OSPF ISIS(中间系统)】 AS(自治系统):一个路由管理域的集合 《1》范围划分:AS内路由协议:RIP OSPF ISIS AS外路由协议:BGP 《2》特性划分:距离矢量 RIP BGP 链路状态 OSPF ISIS
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华为 HCDP 学习笔记
华为 HCDP 学习笔记.............................................................................................................. 1
一、华为 HCDP IERN 学习笔记..................................................................................................... 1
1、OSPF 路由协议基础(OSPF 基本配置).........................................................................1
2、理解 OSPF 邻居与邻接关系( OSPF 网络类型(NBMA、P2MP))............................2
3、理解 OSPF 邻居与邻接关系( Virtual Link)..................................................................4
4、 理解 OSPF 邻居与邻接关系(OSPF 网络类型(P2P、Broadcast))..........................5
5、 OSPF 协议报文和链路状态通告..................................................................................... 6
6、 建立 OSPF 邻居与邻接关系............................................................................................ 8
7、计算 OSPF 区域内路由................................................................................................... 10
8、 OSPF 区域间路由.......................................................................................................... 10
9、OSPF 区域间路由(Vlink)............................................................................................ 11
10、 OSPF 区域间路由(区域间汇聚).............................................................................12
11、OSPF 外部路由............................................................................................................. 13
12、OSPF 特殊区域............................................................................................................. 15
13、BGP 工作原理............................................................................................................... 17
14、BGP 路径选择............................................................................................................... 18
15、 Next-Hop...................................................................................................................... 19
16、BGP 路由汇聚............................................................................................................... 20
17、BGP 路由策略(1 2).................................................................................................. 22
18、BGP 路由策略(3 4).................................................................................................. 24
19、 BGP 路由策略(5 6 )...................................................................................................... 26
20、BGP 路由策略(7 8 9 10 11 )..........................................................................................27
21、 BGP 路由策略(BGP 路由过滤).................................................................................. 28
22、 BGP 反射..................................................................................................................... 30
23、 BGP 联盟..................................................................................................................... 32
24、路由选择工具.............................................................................................................. 33
25、引入路由 1................................................................................................................... 35
26、引入路由 2................................................................................................................... 36
27、默认路由...................................................................................................................... 39
28、PBR................................................................................................................................ 40
29、IGMP............................................................................................................................. 42
30、PIM-DM......................................................................................................................... 44
31、PIM-SM......................................................................................................................... 45
二、华为 HCDP IESN 学习笔记.................................................................................................... 47
1、 VLAN 1........................................................................................................................... 47
2、 VLAN 2 (Hybrid)........................................................................................................ 48
3、 VLAN 3 (Mux VLAN).................................................................................................. 50
4、 VLAN 4(Super VLAN)................................................................................................. 51
5、 VLAN 5(VLAN Mapping)............................................................................................ 52

6、 VLAN 6(端口隔离).................................................................................................... 53
7、 QinQ 配置...................................................................................................................... 54
8、STP.................................................................................................................................. 55
9、RSTP................................................................................................................................ 56
10、MSTP............................................................................................................................. 57
11、 802.1x 原理与配置...................................................................................................... 59
12、 DHCP Snooping............................................................................................................ 61
13、 DHCP 原理................................................................................................................... 63
14、DHCP Snooping1........................................................................................................... 64
15、MPLS 概述.................................................................................................................... 66
16、MPLS 基本原理............................................................................................................. 68
17、MPLS 环路检测............................................................................................................. 71
18、 LDP 邻居发现和会话建立........................................................................................... 72
19、 LDP 标签管理.............................................................................................................. 76
20、MPLS VPN..................................................................................................................... 77
三、华为 HCDP IESN 学习笔记.................................................................................................... 83
1、(华为安全技术)USG 防火墙产品基本功能特性与配置...........................................83
2、防火墙的基本功能......................................................................................................... 84
3、Qos 分类与标记............................................................................................................. 86
4、流量的监管.................................................................................................................... 87
5、流量整形........................................................................................................................ 88
6、ASPF................................................................................................................................ 90
7、华为防火墙基本功能 1.................................................................................................. 92
8、防火墙扩展功能............................................................................................................. 94
9、 USG 防火墙防范业务配置............................................................................................ 96
10、 配置双机热备份......................................................................................................... 98
11、拥塞管理...................................................................................................................... 98
12、拥塞避免...................................................................................................................... 99
13、 链路效率机制........................................................................................................... 105

一、华为 HCDP IERN 学习笔记
1、OSPF 路由协议基础(OSPF 基本配置)
OSPF 的基本配置
[R4]router id 4.4.4.4
[R4]ospf
[R4-ospf-1]
[R4-ospf-1]area 0
[R4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0
[R4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 14.1.1.4 0.0.0.0
[R1]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1
[R1-ospf-1]area 0
[R1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0
[R1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 14.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
[R1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]area 1
[R1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 12.1.1.1 0.0.0.0
[R2]ospf 1 router-id 2.2.2.2
[R2-ospf-1]area 1
[R2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
[R3]ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3
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[R3-ospf-1]area 1
[R3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0
[R3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 23.1.1.3 0.0.0.0
查看 OSPF 路由:
[R4]display ip routing-table protocol ospf
2 、 理 解 OSPF 邻 居 与 邻 接 关 系 ( OSPF 网 络 类 型
(NBMA、P2MP))
1、修改 OSPF 的网络类型:
[R1-Serial1/0/0]ospf network-type ?
broadcast Specify OSPF broadcast network
nbma Specify OSPF NBMA network
p2mp Specify OSPF point-to-multipoint
network
p2p Specify OSPF point-to-point
network
[R1-Serial1/0/0]ospf network-type broadcast
[R1-Serial1/0/0]fr map ip 123.1.1.2 102 broadcast
[R1-Serial1/0/0]fr map ip 123.1.1.3 103 broadcast
[R2-Serial1/0/0]ospf network-type broadcast
[R2-Serial1/0/0]fr map ip 123.1.1.1 201 broadcast
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[R3-Serial1/0/0]fr map ip 123.1.1.1 301 broadcast
[R3-Serial1/0/0]ospf network-type p2p
一端是 Broadcast,另一端是 P2P,可以建立 OSPF 邻居关系,但无路由 P2MP
[R1-Serial1/0/0]ospf network-type p2mp
一端是 P2MP,另一端是 Broadcast(Hello Time=30s)可以建立 OSPF 邻居关系,但无路
由
一端是 P2MP,另一端是是 P2P(Hello Time=30s)可以建立 OSPF 邻居关系,而有路由
没有任何 2 层封装接口默认的 OSPF 网络类型是 P2MP,只能手工将接口配置为 P2MP 的 OSPF 网络
型
自动建立 OSPF 邻居关系,不选举 DR 和 BDR
2、工作在 NBMA 中的 OSPF:
[R1]interface s1/0/0
[R1-Serial1/0/0] link-protocol fr
[R1-Serial1/0/0] undo fr inarp
[R1-Serial1/0/0] fr map ip 123.1.1.2 102 broadcast
[R1-Serial1/0/0] fr map ip 123.1.1.3 103 broadcast
[R1-Serial1/0/0] ip address 123.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
[R2-Serial1/0/0] link-protocol fr
[R2-Serial1/0/0] undo fr inarp
[R2-Serial1/0/0] fr map ip 123.1.1.1 201 broadcast
[R2-Serial1/0/0] ip address 123.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
[R3-Serial1/0/0]interface Serial1/0/0
[R3-Serial1/0/0] link-protocol fr
[R3-Serial1/0/0] undo fr inarp
[R3-Serial1/0/0] fr map ip 123.1.1.1 301 broadcast
[R3-Serial1/0/0] ip address 123.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
当串行接口被封装为 FR 时,在参与 OSPF 进程时,默认的 OSPF 网络类型是 NBMA(Non-
Broadcast Multiple Access,非广播多路访问)
NMBA 的 OSPF 网络类型不能使用 Hello 包自动发现邻居,必须手工指定邻居
[R1]ospf 1
[R1-ospf-1]peer 123.1.1.2
[R1-ospf-1]peer 123.1.1.3
[R2/3-ospf-1]peer 123.1.1.1
手工指定 OSPF 邻居之后,OSPF 使用单播的 Hello 包建立 OSPF 邻居关系
在华为设备中必须双向指定 OSPF 邻居
在 NBMA 的 OSPF 网络类型中,选举 DR 和 BDR,需要手工调整 DR
[R1]interface s1/0/0
[R1-Serial1/0/0]ospf dr-priority 10
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