iii
7.2.1 Certification Solution Vendors .............................................................. 56
7.2.1.1 Learning Machine Certificates deployed over Blockcerts .................... 57
7.2.1.2 Sony Global Education .................................................................. 59
7.2.1.3 Attores Solutions ......................................................................... 59
7.2.1.4 Additional companies.................................................................... 60
7.2.2 Identity Solution Vendors ................................................................... 60
7.2.2.1 Civic ........................................................................................... 60
7.2.2.2 Uport ......................................................................................... 60
7.3 Storing a Verified e-Portfolio ....................................................................... 61
7.3.1 Indorse ............................................................................................ 61
7.4 Managing Intellectual Property .................................................................... 61
7.4.1 Binded .............................................................................................. 61
7.4.2 Ledger Journal ................................................................................... 62
7.4.3 Bernstein Technologies ....................................................................... 62
8 Use Case Studies for Blockchain Technology in Education ..................................... 64
8.1 Open University UK .................................................................................... 64
8.2 University of Nicosia ................................................................................... 68
8.3 MIT .......................................................................................................... 71
8.4 Maltese Educational Institutions................................................................... 74
9 Government and Blockchain Technology ............................................................. 77
9.1 Considerations for Policy Makers .................................................................. 77
9.2 Snapshot of ongoing initiatives in EU Member States...................................... 85
9.2.1 Estonia ............................................................................................. 85
9.2.1.1 Key Players in Estonia e-identity initiatives ...................................... 87
9.2.2 Netherlands ...................................................................................... 88
10 Challenges to uptake of Blockchain in education .................................................. 90
10.1 Standardisation ................................................................................... 90
10.1.1 What is a Standard? ........................................................................... 90
10.1.2 Decentralised Standardisation through Blockchain Technology ................. 91
10.1.3 Current initiatives for blockchain standardisation ................................... 91
10.1.4 Standardisation of Educational Records ................................................ 91
10.2 Resource Usage and Ensuing Complexity ................................................ 92
10.3 New Dependencies on Third-Parties ....................................................... 93
11 Usage Scenarios for the use of the Blockchain in Education ................................... 94
11.1 When to use a Blockchain ..................................................................... 94
11.2 What kind of blockchain to use .............................................................. 94
11.3 Usage scenarios for Blockchain in Education ............................................ 95
Scenario 1: Using Blockchains to permanently secure certificates ...................... 95
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