Java 3D入门教程：实例与指南

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"Java 3D 教程指南 - 入门实例" Java 3D 是 Java 语言的一个扩展，用于展示三维图形。这个技术允许使用 Java 编写的程序在多种不同类型的计算机上运行，甚至可以通过互联网进行。Java 3D 类库提供了一个比大多数其他图形库更简单的接口，但依然具备创建高质量游戏和动画的能力。它建立在如 DirectX 和 OpenGL 这样的现有技术之上，因此程序的运行速度可能并不像你想象的那样慢。此外，Java 3D 还能够整合由 3D 建模软件（如 TrueSpace）创建的对象以及 VRML 模型。本教程是一个对 Java 3D 的入门介绍。通过一系列示例，它将引导你了解创建 3D 图像和动画的基本方法。你不需要事先具备 3D 图形或 Java 3D 的知识，但如果你对 Java 编程语言有基础的理解，学习起来会更容易。由于涉及大量的专业术语和数学知识，三维编程可能会显得复杂，不过本教程力求将内容讲解得尽可能简洁明了。教程中，你将学习到如何： 1. 设置和初始化 Java 3D 环境：包括安装必要的库和环境，以及创建基本的场景图。 2. 创建基本的 3D 对象：如立方体、球体和其他几何形状，以及如何调整它们的属性，如颜色、位置和旋转。 3. 理解场景图结构：Java 3D 使用树形结构来组织 3D 对象，这有助于管理对象的关系和相互作用。 4. 应用变换：包括平移、旋转和缩放，这些是构建动态 3D 世界的基石。 5. 使用光照和材质：使 3D 对象看起来更具真实感，通过控制光源和物体表面的特性。 6. 渲染和视图控制：设置相机视角，控制用户看到的场景部分。 7. 动画和时间驱动：创建动态效果，如物体运动和动画序列。 8. 交互性：使用户能够与 3D 对象进行交互，例如通过鼠标或键盘输入。 9. 导入外部 3D 模型：学习如何将来自其他 3D 软件的模型整合到 Java 3D 应用中。 10. 性能优化：了解如何提高 Java 3D 应用的运行效率，减少延迟和提高帧率。请在阅读过程中，如果发现任何错误或不清晰的地方，积极反馈以帮助改进教程，以便于未来读者的学习。本教程的目标是让初学者也能轻松上手 Java 3D 开发，享受构建三维世界的乐趣。

Appearance Is Everything

There are many ways to change the way that objects in your scene look.

You can change their color, how much light they reflect. You can paint

them with two-dimensional images, or add rough textures to their

surfaces. The Appearance class contains the functions for making these

changes. This section shows you how to use these functions.

The simplest way of setting the appearance is by specifying only the

color and the shading method. This works for setting an object to being

a simple color, but to make an object look realistic, you need to specify

how an object appears under lights. You do this by creating a Material.

Step Example

1. Create an object Sphere sphere = new Sphere();

2. Create an appearance Appearance ap = new Appearance();

3. Create a color Color3f col = new Color3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

4. Create the coloring attributes ColoringAttributes ca = new ColoringAttributes

(col, ColoringAttributes.NICEST);

5. Add the attributes to the appearance ap.setColoringAttributes(ca);

6. Set the appearance for the object sphere.setAppearance(ap);

Materials

Materials have five properties that enable you to specify how the object appears. There are four colors:

Ambient, Emissive, Diffuse, and Specular. The fifth property is shininess, that you specify with a number.

Each color specifies what light is given off in a certain situation.

 Ambient color reflects light that been scattered so much by the environment that the direction is

impossible to determine. This is created by an AmbientLight in Java 3D.

 Emissive color is given off even in darkness. You could use this for a neon sign or a glow-in-the-dark

object

 Diffuse color reflects light that comes from one direction, so it's brighter if it comes squarely down on

a surface that if it barely glances off the surface. This is used with a DirectionalLight.

 Specular light comes from a particular direction, and it tends to bounce off the surface in a preferred

direction. Shiny metal or plastic have a high specular component. The amount of specular light that

reaches the viewer depends on the location of the viewer and the angle of the light bouncing off the

object.

Changing the shininess factor affects not just how shiny the object is, but whether it shines with a small

glint in one area, or a larger area with less of a gleaming look.

For most objects you can use one color for both Ambient and Diffuse components, and black for Emissive

(most things don’t glow in the dark). If it’s a shiny object, you would use a lighter color for Specular

reflections. For example, the material for a red billiard ball might be:

// billiard ball

// ambient emissive diffuse specular shininess

// Material mat = new Material(red, black, red, white, 70f);

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