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DataStructures
and
ProgramDesign
inC
++

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DataStructures
and
ProgramDesign
inC
++
RobertL.Kruse
AlexanderJ.Ryba
CD-ROMpreparedby
PaulA.Mailhot
PrenticeHall
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458

LibraryofCongressCataloging–in–PublicationData
K
RUSE
,R
OBERT
L.
DatastructuresandprogramdesigninC++/RobertL.Kruse,
AlexanderJ.Ryba.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0–13–087697–6
1.C++(Computerprogramlanguage)2.DataStructures
(ComputerScience)I.Ryba,AlexanderJ.II.Title.
QA76.73.C153K79199898–35979
005.13’3—dc21CIP
Publisher:
AlanApt
EditorinChief:
MarciaHorton
AcquisitionsEditor:
LauraSteele
ProductionEditor:
RoseKernan
ManagingEditor:
EileenClark
ArtDirector:
HeatherScott
AssistanttoArtDirector:
JohnChristiana
CopyEditor:
PatriciaDaly
CoverDesigner:
HeatherScott
ManufacturingBuyer:
PatBrown
AssistantVicePresidentofProductionand
Manufacturing:
DavidW.Riccardi
EditorialAssistant:
KateKaibni
InteriorDesign:
RobertL.Kruse
PageLayout:
GinnieMasterson(PreT
E
X,Inc.)
ArtProduction:
BlakeMacLean(PreT
E
X,Inc.)
Coverart:
Orange
,1923,byWassilyKandinsky(1866-1944),LithographinColors.Source:Christie’sImages
©2000byPrentice-Hall,Inc.
Simon&Schuster/AViacomCompany
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
ThetypesettingforthisbookwasdonewithPreT
E
X,apreprocessorandmacropackagefortheT
E
Xtypesettingsystem
andtheP
OST
S
CRIPT
page-descriptionlanguage.PreT
E
XisatrademarkofPreT
E
X,Inc.;T
E
XisatrademarkoftheAmerican
MathematicalSociety;P
OST
S
CRIPT
isaregisteredtrademarksofAdobeSystems,Inc.
Theauthorsandpublisherofthisbookhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook.Theseeffortsincludethere-
search,development,andtestingofthetheoryandprogramsinthebooktodeterminetheireffectiveness.Theauthors
andpublishermakenowarrantyofanykind,expressedorimplied,withregardtotheseprogramsorthedocumenta-
tioncontainedinthisbook.Theauthorsandpublishershallnotbeliableinanyeventforincidentalorconsequential
damagesinconnectionwith,orarisingoutof,thefurnishing,performance,oruseoftheseprograms.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutpermissioninwrit-
ingfromthepublisher.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
ISBN0-13-087697-6
Prentice-HallInternational(U.K.)Limited,
London
Prentice-HallofAustraliaPty.Limited,
Sydney
Prentice-HallCanadaInc.,
Toronto
Prentice-HallHispanoamericana,S.A.,
Mexico
Prentice-HallofIndiaPrivateLimited,
NewDelhi
Prentice-HallofJapan,Inc.,
Tokyo
Simon&SchusterAsiaPte.Ltd.,
Singapore
EditoraPrentice-HalldoBrasil,Ltda.,
RiodeJaneiro

Contents
Prefaceix
Synopsisxii
CourseStructurexiv
SupplementaryMaterialsxv
BookProductionxvi
Acknowledgmentsxvi
1
Programming
Principles1
1.1Introduction2
1.2TheGameofLife4
1.2.1RulesfortheGameofLife4
1.2.2Examples5
1.2.3TheSolution:Classes,Objects,
andMethods7
1.2.4Life:TheMainProgram8
1.3ProgrammingStyle10
1.3.1Names10
1.3.2DocumentationandFormat13
1.3.3Re�nementandModularity15
1.4Coding,Testing,
andFurtherRe�nement20
1.4.1S tubs20
1.4.2De�nitionoftheClassLife22
1.4.3CountingNeighbors23
1.4.4UpdatingtheGrid24
1.4.5InputandOutput25
1.4.6Drivers27
1.4.7ProgramTracing28
1.4.8PrinciplesofProgramTesting29
1.5ProgramMaintenance34
1.5.1ProgramEvaluation34
1.5.2ReviewoftheLifeProgram35
1.5.3ProgramRevision
andRedevelopment38
1.6ConclusionsandPreview39
1.6.1S oftwareEngineering39
1.6.2ProblemAnalysis40
1.6.3RequirementsSpeci�cation41
1.6.4Coding41
PointersandPitfalls45
ReviewQuestions46
ReferencesforFurtherStudy47
C++47
ProgrammingPrinciples47
TheGameofLife47
SoftwareEngineering48
2
Introduction
toStacks49
2.1StackSpeci�cations50
2.1.1ListsandArrays50
2.1.2S tacks50
2.1.3FirstExample:ReversingaList51
2.1.4InformationHiding54
2.1.5TheStandardTemplateLibrary55
v
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