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ARM

Compiler

Version 5.04

armasm User Guide

ARM DUI0473J

ARM

Compiler

armasm User Guide

Release Information

Document History

Issue Date Confidentiality Change

A May 2010 Non-Confidential ARM Compiler v4.1 Release

B 30 September 2010 Non-Confidential Update 1 for ARM Compiler v4.1

C 28 January 2011 Non-Confidential Update 2 for ARM Compiler v4.1 Patch 3

D 30 April 2011 Non-Confidential ARM Compiler v5.0 Release

E 29 July 2011 Non-Confidential Update 1 for ARM Compiler v5.0

F 30 September 2011 Non-Confidential ARM Compiler v5.01 Release

G 29 February 2012 Non-Confidential Document update 1 for ARM Compiler v5.01 Release

H 27 July 2012 Non-Confidential ARM Compiler v5.02 Release

I 31 January 2013 Non-Confidential ARM Compiler v5.03 Release

J 27 November 2013 Non-Confidential ARM Compiler v5.04 Release

Proprietary Notice

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or ™ are registered trademarks or trademarks of ARM

in the EU and other countries,

except as otherwise stated below in this proprietary notice. Other brands and names mentioned herein may be the

trademarks of their respective owners.

Neither the whole nor any part of the information contained in, or the product described in, this document may be adapted

or reproduced in any material form except with the prior written permission of the copyright holder.

The product described in this document is subject to continuous developments and improvements. All particulars of the

product and its use contained in this document are given by ARM in good faith. However, all warranties implied or

expressed, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability, or fitness for purpose, are excluded.

This document is intended only to assist the reader in the use of the product. ARM shall not be liable for any loss or

damage arising from the use of any information in this document, or any error or omission in such information, or any

incorrect use of the product.

Where the term ARM is used it means “ARM or any of its subsidiaries as appropriate”.

Confidentiality Status

This document is Non-Confidential. The right to use, copy and disclose this document may be subject to license

restrictions in accordance with the terms of the agreement entered into by ARM and the party that ARM delivered this

document to.

Unrestricted Access is an ARM internal classification.

Product Status

The information in this document is Final, that is for a developed product.

Web Address

www.arm.com

ARM

Compiler

Non-Confidential

Contents

ARM

Compiler armasm User Guide

Preface

About this book ..................................................... ..................................................... 23

Chapter 1 Overview of the Assembler

1.1 About the ARM Compiler toolchain assemblers .......................... .......................... 1-27

1.2 Key features of the assembler ....................................... ....................................... 1-28

1.3 How the assembler works ........................................... ........................................... 1-29

1.4 Directives that can be omitted in pass 2 of the assembler ...................................... 1-31

Chapter 2 Overview of the ARM Architecture

2.1 About the ARM architecture .................................................................................... 2-35

2.2 ARM, Thumb, and ThumbEE instruction sets ............................ ............................ 2-36

2.3 Changing between ARM, Thumb, and ThumbEE state .......................................... 2-37

2.4 Processor modes, and privileged and unprivileged software execution ........ ........ 2-38

2.5 Processor modes in ARMv6-M and ARMv7-M ...................................................... 2-39

2.6 NEON technology ................................................. ................................................. 2-40

2.7 VFP hardware .................................................... .................................................... 2-41

2.8 ARM registers .................................................... .................................................... 2-42

2.9 General-purpose registers ...................................................................................... 2-44

2.10 Register accesses ................................................. ................................................. 2-45

2.11 Predeclared core register names ............................................................................ 2-46

2.12 Predeclared extension register names ................................. ................................. 2-47

2.13 Predeclared XScale register names ................................... ................................... 2-48

2.14 Predeclared coprocessor names ............................................................................ 2-49

Non-Confidential

2.15 Program Counter .................................................. .................................................. 2-50

2.16 Application Program Status Register ...................................................................... 2-51

2.17 The Q flag ....................................................... ....................................................... 2-52

2.18 Current Program Status Register ............................................................................ 2-53

2.19 Saved Program Status Registers ............................................................................ 2-54

2.20 ARM and Thumb instruction set overview ............................... ............................... 2-55

2.21 Access to the inline barrel shifter ............................................................................ 2-56

Chapter 3 Structure of Assembly Language Modules

3.1 Syntax of source lines in assembly language ............................ ............................ 3-58

3.2 Literals .......................................................... .......................................................... 3-60

3.3 ELF sections and the AREA directive .................................. .................................. 3-61

3.4 An example ARM assembly language module ........................... ........................... 3-62

Chapter 4 Writing ARM Assembly Language

4.1 About the Unified Assembler Language ................................ ................................ 4-66

4.2 Register usage in subroutine calls .......................................................................... 4-67

4.3 Load 32-bit immediates into registers .................................. .................................. 4-68

4.4 Load immediate values using MOV and MVN ........................................................ 4-69

4.5 Load 32-bit values to a register using MOV32 ........................................................ 4-72

4.6 Load 32-bit immediate values to a register using LDR Rd, =const ............ ............ 4-73

4.7 Literal pools ...................................................... ...................................................... 4-74

4.8 Load addresses into registers ........................................ ........................................ 4-76

4.9 Load addresses to a register using ADR ................................................................ 4-77

4.10 Load addresses to a register using ADRL .............................................................. 4-79

4.11 Load addresses to a register using LDR Rd, =label ....................... ....................... 4-80

4.12 Other ways to load and store registers ................................. ................................. 4-82

4.13 Load and store multiple register instructions ............................. ............................. 4-83

4.14 Load and store multiple register instructions in ARM and Thumb ............. ............. 4-84

4.15 Stack implementation using LDM and STM ............................................................ 4-86

4.16 Stack operations for nested subroutines ................................ ................................ 4-88

4.17 Block copy with LDM and STM ....................................... ....................................... 4-89

4.18 Memory accesses ................................................. ................................................. 4-91

4.19 The Read-Modify-Write operation ..................................... ..................................... 4-92

4.20 Optional hash with immediate constants ................................ ................................ 4-93

4.21 About macros .......................................................................................................... 4-94

4.22 Test-and-branch macro example ............................................................................ 4-95

4.23 Unsigned integer division macro example .............................................................. 4-96

4.24 Instruction and directive relocations ........................................................................ 4-98

4.25 Symbol versions .................................................................................................... 4-100

4.26 Frame directives ................................................. ................................................. 4-101

4.27 Exception tables and Unwind tables .................................. .................................. 4-102

4.28 Assembly language changes after RVCT v2.1 .......................... .......................... 4-103

Chapter 5 Condition Codes

5.1 Conditional instructions ............................................ ............................................ 5-106

5.2 Conditional execution in ARM state ...................................................................... 5-107

5.3 Conditional execution in Thumb state ................................. ................................. 5-108

5.4 Updates to the condition flags ....................................... ....................................... 5-109

Non-Confidential

5.5 Condition code suffixes ............................................ ............................................ 5-110

5.6 Comparison of condition code meanings .............................................................. 5-111

5.7 Benefits of using conditional execution ................................ ................................ 5-113

5.8 Illustration of the benefits of using conditional instructions ................. ................. 5-114

5.9 Optimization for execution speed .......................................................................... 5-117

Chapter 6 Using the Assembler

6.1 Assembler command-line syntax .......................................................................... 6-119

6.2 Specify command-line options with an environment variable ............... ............... 6-120

6.3 Overview of via files .............................................................................................. 6-121

6.4 Via file syntax rules ............................................... ............................................... 6-122

6.5 Using stdin to input source code to the assembler ....................... ....................... 6-123

6.6 Built-in variables and constants ............................................................................ 6-124

6.7 Identifying versions of armasm in source code .......................... .......................... 6-129

6.8 Diagnostic messages ............................................................................................ 6-130

6.9 Interlocks diagnostics ............................................................................................ 6-131

6.10 Automatic IT block generation ....................................... ....................................... 6-132

6.11 Thumb branch target alignment ............................................................................ 6-133

6.12 Thumb code size diagnostics ................................................................................ 6-134

6.13 ARM and Thumb instruction portability diagnostics .............................................. 6-135

6.14 Instruction width .................................................................................................... 6-136

6.15 Two pass assembler diagnostics .......................................................................... 6-137

6.16 Conditional assembly ............................................................................................ 6-138

6.17 Using the C preprocessor .......................................... .......................................... 6-139

6.18 Address alignment ................................................................................................ 6-141

6.19 Instruction width selection in Thumb .................................. .................................. 6-142

Chapter 7 Symbols, Literals, Expressions, and Operators

7.1 Symbol naming rules .............................................. .............................................. 7-145

7.2 Variables ....................................................... ....................................................... 7-146

7.3 Numeric constants ................................................................................................ 7-147

7.4 Assembly time substitution of variables ................................................................ 7-148

7.5 Register-relative and PC-relative expressions ...................................................... 7-149

7.6 Labels ......................................................... ......................................................... 7-150

7.7 Labels for PC-relative addresses .......................................................................... 7-151

7.8 Labels for register-relative addresses ................................. ................................. 7-152

7.9 Labels for absolute addresses .............................................................................. 7-153

7.10 Numeric local labels .............................................................................................. 7-154

7.11 Syntax of numeric local labels ....................................... ....................................... 7-155

7.12 String expressions ................................................ ................................................ 7-156

7.13 String literals .................................................... .................................................... 7-157

7.14 Numeric expressions .............................................. .............................................. 7-158

7.15 Syntax of numeric literals ...................................................................................... 7-159

7.16 Syntax of floating-point literals .............................................................................. 7-160

7.17 Logical expressions ............................................... ............................................... 7-161

7.18 Logical literals ................................................... ................................................... 7-162

7.19 Unary operators .................................................................................................... 7-163

7.20 Binary operators .................................................................................................... 7-165

7.21 Multiplicative operators ............................................ ............................................ 7-166

Non-Confidential

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