PAM4 in 400G/200G/100G/50G Networking Technology
Optical Standards
Key Optical Measurements as of IEEE 802.3bs D2.2, D802.3cd D1.1
Modulation
Format
Distance Data Rate Multiplex
Signaling
Rate
AOP
Average launch Optical
Power: key to safety and
achieving transmission
distance objectives.
OMAouter
Optical Modulation Amplitude
level 0 to level 3: basic
TX amplitude (i.e. w/o ISI
problems, noise, or offset).
RIN
22.8
OMA
RIN<x>OMA of an optical signal
is a ratio of optical Relatitve
Intensity Noise to OMA when
backreflection is <x> dB.
ER
Extinction Ratio: in
PAM4, the ratio of
certain high level to
certain low level.
TDECQ
Transmitter and Dispersion
Eye Closure: characterizes the
TX ISI, noise, and dispersive
Quaternary eye closure.
200GBASE-SR4 (802.3cd)
similar: 100GBASE-SR2, 50GBASE-SR
PAM4
70 m,
100 m
n lane x
50 Gbps
<n> par-
allel MMF
26.56
GBd
-6 … 4 dBm -4 … 3 dBm [ - ] ≥ 3 dB { ≤ 4 dB }
200GBASE-DR4 (802.3bs)
PAM4 500 m
4 lanes x
50 Gbps
4 parallel
SMF
26.56
GBd
-4.6 … 3 dBm -2.5 … 2.8 dBm
≤ -142 dB/Hz,
with -21.4 dB refl.
≥ 4.5 dB ≤ 2.5 dB
400GBASE-DR4 (802.3bs)
similar: 100GBASE-DR
PAM4 500 m
<n> lane x
100 Gbps
4 parallel
SMF
53.125
GBd
-2.4 … 4 dBm -0.3 … 4.2 dBm
≤ -136 dB/Hz,
with -21.4 dB refl.
≥ 5 dB ≤ 2.5 dB
400GBASE-FR8 (802.3bs)
similar: 200GBASE-FR4, 50GBASE-FR
PAM4 2 km
<n> lanes x
50 Gbps
1 SMF 8λ
WDM
26.56
GBd
-3 … 5.3 dBm 0 … 5.5 dBm
≤ -136 dB/Hz,
with -16.5 dB refl.
≥ 4.5 dB ≤ 2.2 dB
400GBASE-LR8 (802.3bs)
similar: 200GBASE-LR4, 50GBASE-LR
PAM4 10 km
<n> lanes x
50 Gbps
1 SMF 8λ
WDM
26.56
GBd
-2.3…5.3 dBm 0.7 … 5.7 dBm
≤ -136 dB/Hz,
with -15.1 dB refl.
≥ 4.5 dB ≤ 2.4 dB
Key Aspects of Measurement
Output power is within
receiver and safety
requirements.
Sufficient modulation swing. Laser noise. Limits signal offset.
Replaces TDP and mask
testing to ensure signal
quality.
TDECQ Transmitter and Dispersion Eye Closure - Quaternary
Visit tek.com/400G for additional resources and solutions in testing 400G designs.
• Reference equalized PAM4 eye is sliced with two vertical
histograms:
• .45UI and .55UI at .04UI width
• Target SER is e.g. 4.8e-4
• For each vertical slice:
• Capture histogram and calculate measured bathtub
• Find bathtub opening in terms of RX noise, compare to
ideal, express as a penalty (the smaller the better)
Electrical Standards Key Electrical Measurements
Modulation
Format
Distance Data Rate Multiplex
Signaling
Rate
SNDR
Transmitter output Signal to Noise and
Distortion Ratio: Describes the ratio (at the
transmitter) of linear signal model amplitude to
the sum of noise and non-linear components.
Linear Fit Pulse Peak
The useful amplitude of the
transmitter; found as the amplitude
of a pulse that is a linear fit model
of the transmitter.
UBHPJ/J5/J4
Uncorrelated Bounded
High Probability Jitter: high
probability/deterministic
jitter components.
UUGJ/JRMS
Uncorrelated
Unbounded Gaussian
Jitter (Random
Jitter RMS).
EOJ/Even-Odd Jitter
F/2 Jitter asymmetry
usually induced by
imbalanced MUX.
CEI-56G-VSR-PAM4
PAM4 100 mm
n lane x
56 Gbps
1-n lanes
18-29
GBd
31 dB .75 Near-end-Linearity 0.05 UIpp 0.01 UIrms 0.019 UIpp
CEI-56G-MR-PAM4
PAM4 500 mm
n lane x
56 Gbps
1-n lanes
18-29
GBd
31 dB
.80xT_Vf V 0.05 UIpp 0.01 UIrms
0.019 UIpp
CEI-56G-LR-PAM4
PAM4 1 m
n lane x
56 Gbps
1-n lanes
18-29
GBd
31 dB .85xT_Vf V 0.05 UIpp 0.01 UIrms 0.019 UIpp
50GAUI-1/100GAUI-2/
200GAUI-4/400GAUI-8
PAM4 ~250 mm 50 Gbps 1,2,4,8 lanes
26.56
GBd
31 dB .736xVf V 0.128 UIpp 0.023 UIrms 0.019 UIpp
50GBASE-KR/100GBASE-
KR2/200GBASE-KR4
PAM4 <1 m 50 Gbps 1,2,4 lanes
26.56
GBd
SNRTX >= 32.5 dB .75xVf V (TBD) J4: 0.128 Ulpp 0.023 UIrms 0.019 UIpp
50GBASE-CR/100GBASE-
CR2/200GBASE-CR4
PAM4 <3 m 50 Gbps 1,2,4 lanes
26.56
GBd
SNRTX >= 32.5 dB .49xVf V (TBD) TBD TBD 0.019 UIpp
Key Aspects of Measurement
Measurement which compares the
useful amplitude of the signal to the
un-compensable distortions and noise.
Lower limits on pulse amplitude
and compensable jitter.
Limits the un-correlated
jitter for a transmitter.
Limits the random
jitter for a transmitter.
Limits the asymmetry
of the transmitter.
All diagrams: for clarity, only one direction of transmission is shown.
SMF: single-mode fiber. MMF: multi-mode fiber. WDM: wavelength div. multiplexing.
Note: Optical 400GBASE-SR16 at 25 GBd PAM2 NRZ not shown
Optical
MUX
Optical
DeMUX
Serializer
Deserializer
Optical Transmitter
Optical Receiver
Optical - 50G, 200G, 400GBASE-LR(1,4,8), FR(1,4,8) WDM
(Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
The Signal to Noise Distortion Ratio (SNDR) measurement is
the principal electrical measure of transmitter performance in
all 400G specifications today.
The SNDR is a ratio of p
max
(the maximum of the linear fit pulse
response) to the sum of the linear fit error σ
e
and the noise σ
n
extracted from consecutive long run lengths of symbols.
These three parameters have error contributions directly
related to the instrumentation bandwidth, jitter noise
floor and vertical noise floor. The combination of 70 GHz
of instrument BW allows tracking a fourth order Bessel-
Thomson electrical response to the -10dB point (at 69 GHz),
which offers flat phase response and minimal instrument
contributed data-dependent jitter. The σ
e
term is heavily
influenced by instrument contributed jitter noise floor, and
that contribution on an ATI architecture can be as low as
40fs on some signals. The σ
n
term is heavily influence by
the instrumentations effective number of bits and overall
vertical noise contribution. The key to the most accurate
SNDR measurement performance is to maximize the p
max
term
(requires approximately 50 GHz bandwidth) and minimize the
instrument contributed jitter and vertical noise components.
SNDR (PAM4)
Eye Height at BER (Noise Decomp), T
mid
, V
mid
123.8.5.4 TDECQ after Reference Equalizer TDECQ Example (Optical PAM4): 26GBaud
Optical - 100G, 400GBASE-DR(1,4) parallel single-mode fiber
Deserializer
Serializer
Optical Transmitter
Optical Receiver
400...x4
100...x1
The method of placement of these detection thresholds is governed by IEEE 802.3 and OIF-CEI.
Optical - 200GBASE-DR4 parallel multi-mode fiber
Deserializer
Serializer
Optical Transmitter
Optical Receiver
Optical - 50/100/200GBASE-SR(1,2,4) parallel single-mode fiber
Deserializer
Serializer
Optical Transmitter
Optical Receiver
400...x4
200...x2
100...x1
Electrical - 50, 100 or 200GBASE-CR/KR(1,2,4)
Deserializer
Serializer
Electrical
Interconnect
Electrical
Interconnect
400...x4
200...x2
100...x1
(NOTE: Standards still in development)(NOTE: Standards still in development)
10 km, 2 km
8 lanes x 50 Gbps
1 SMF • 8λ WDM • 26.56 GBd
500 m • 1 or 4 lanes x 100 Gbps • SMF • 53.125 GBd
500 m (SR 1,2,4) • 4 lanes x 100 Gbps • SMF • 53.125 GBd
<-1 m (KR 1,2,4) and <3 m (CR 1,2,4) • 4 lanes x 50 Gbps • 1, 2, 4 lanes electrical • 26.56 GBd
500 m • 4 lanes x 50 Gbps • SMF • 26.56 GBd
Note: Optical 400GBASE-SR16 at 25 GBd PAM2 NRZ not shown
Signal-to-noise-and-distortion ration (min) 31 dB94.3.12.7
jerrybai84
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