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Mastering Python 原版PDF by Hattem

Python

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Python is a language that is easy to learn and both powerful and convenient from the start. Mastering Python, however, is a completely different question. Every programming problem you will encounter has at least several possible solutions and/or paradigms to apply within the vast possibilities of Python. This book will not only illustrate a range of different and new techniques but also explain where and when a method should be applied.

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Mastering Python

Master the art of writing beautiful and powerful Python

by using all of the features that Python 3.5 offers

Rick van Hattem

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

Mastering Python

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written

permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in

critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy

of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is

sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt

Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages

caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the

companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.

However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: April 2016

Production reference: 1270416

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place

35 Livery Street

Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78528-972-9

www.packtpub.com

[ i ]

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Chapter 1: Getting Started – One Environment per Project 1

Creating a virtual Python environment using venv 2

Creating your rst venv 3

venv arguments 4

Differences between virtualenv and venv 6

Bootstrapping pip using ensurepip 7

ensurepip usage 7

Manual pip install 7

Installing C/C++ packages 8

Debian and Ubuntu 9

Red Hat, CentOS, and Fedora 9

OS X 9

Windows 10

Summary 11

Chapter 2: Pythonic Syntax, Common Pitfalls, and Style Guide 13

Code style – or what is Pythonic code? 14

Formatting strings – printf-style or str.format? 15

PEP20, the Zen of Python 15

Beautiful is better than ugly 16

Explicit is better than implicit 17

Simple is better than complex 18

Flat is better than nested 20

Sparse is better than dense 20

Readability counts 21

Practicality beats purity 21

Errors should never pass silently 22

In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess 24

One obvious way to do it 24

Now is better than never 25

Table of Contents

[ ii ]

Hard to explain, easy to explain 25

Namespaces are one honking great idea 25

Conclusion 26

Explaining PEP8 27

Duck typing 27

Differences between value and identity comparisons 29

Loops 30

Maximum line length 31

Verifying code quality, pep8, pyakes, and more 32

ake8 32

Pylint 35

Common pitfalls 35

Scope matters! 36

Function arguments 36

Class properties 37

Modifying variables in the global scope 38

Overwriting and/or creating extra built-ins 39

Modifying while iterating 41

Catching exceptions – differences between Python 2 and 3 42

Late binding – be careful with closures 44

Circular imports 45

Import collisions 47

Summary 48

Chapter 3: Containers and Collections – Storing Data the

Right Way 49

Time complexity – the big O notation 50

Core collections 51

list – a mutable list of items 52

dict – unsorted but a fast map of items 55

set – like a dict without values 57

tuple – the immutable list 59

Advanced collections 62

ChainMap – the list of dictionaries 62

counter – keeping track of the most occurring elements 64

deque – the double ended queue 66

defaultdict – dictionary with a default value 68

namedtuple – tuples with eld names 71

enum – a group of constants 72

OrderedDict – a dictionary where the insertion order matters 74

heapq – the ordered list 75

bisect – the sorted list 76

Summary 79

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