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ANSYS Mechanical APDL Advanced Analysis
Guide
Release 14.5ANSYS, Inc.
October 2012Southpointe
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Table of Contents
1. Probabilistic Design ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Understanding Probabilistic Design .................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1.Traditional (Deterministic) vs. Probabilistic Design Analysis Methods ......................................... 2
1.1.2. Reliability and Quality Issues .................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Probabilistic Design Terminology ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Using Probabilistic Design ................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.1. Create the Analysis File ............................................................................................................. 9
1.3.1.1. Example Problem Description ........................................................................................ 10
1.3.1.2. Build the Model Parametrically ....................................................................................... 10
1.3.1.3. Obtain the Solution ....................................................................................................... 11
1.3.1.4. Retrieve Results and Assign as Output Parameters .......................................................... 11
1.3.1.5. Prepare the Analysis File ................................................................................................ 12
1.3.2. Establish Parameters for Probabilistic Design Analysis ............................................................. 12
1.3.3. Enter the PDS and Specify the Analysis File ............................................................................. 13
1.3.4. Declare Random Input Variables ............................................................................................. 14
1.3.5. Visualize Random Input Variables ........................................................................................... 20
1.3.6. Specify Correlations Between Random Variables ..................................................................... 20
1.3.7. Specify Random Output Parameters ....................................................................................... 23
1.3.8. Select a Probabilistic Design Method ...................................................................................... 24
1.3.8.1. Probabilistic Method Determination Wizard ................................................................... 24
1.3.9. Execute Probabilistic Analysis Simulation Loops ...................................................................... 25
1.3.9.1. Probabilistic Design Looping ......................................................................................... 26
1.3.9.2. Serial Analysis Runs ....................................................................................................... 27
1.3.9.3. PDS Parallel Analysis Runs .............................................................................................. 27
1.3.9.3.1. Machine Configurations ........................................................................................ 29
1.3.9.3.1.1. Choosing Slave Machines ............................................................................. 29
1.3.9.3.1.2. Using the Remote Shell Option ..................................................................... 29
1.3.9.3.1.3. Using the Connection Port Option ................................................................ 31
1.3.9.3.1.4. Configuring the Master Machine ................................................................... 33
1.3.9.3.1.5. Host setup using port option ........................................................................ 35
1.3.9.3.1.6. Host and Product selection for a particular analysis ....................................... 35
1.3.9.3.2. Files Needed for Parallel Run ................................................................................. 36
1.3.9.3.3. Controlling Server Processes ................................................................................. 37
1.3.9.3.4. Initiate Parallel Run ............................................................................................... 38
1.3.10. Fit and Use Response Surfaces .............................................................................................. 38
1.3.10.1. About Response Surface Sets ....................................................................................... 39
1.3.10.2. Fitting a Response Surface ........................................................................................... 39
1.3.10.3. Plotting a Response Surface ......................................................................................... 40
1.3.10.4. Printing a Response Surface ......................................................................................... 40
1.3.10.5. Generating Monte Carlo Simulation Samples on the Response Surfaces ........................ 41
1.3.11. Review Results Data ............................................................................................................. 41
1.3.11.1.Viewing Statistics ......................................................................................................... 42
1.3.11.2. Viewing Trends ............................................................................................................ 43
1.3.11.3. Creating Reports .......................................................................................................... 44
1.4. Guidelines for Selecting Probabilistic Design Variables ..................................................................... 44
1.4.1. Choosing and Defining Random Input Variables ..................................................................... 44
1.4.1.1. Random Input Variables for Monte Carlo Simulations ..................................................... 45
1.4.1.2. Random Input Variables for Response Surface Analyses .................................................. 45
1.4.1.3. Choosing a Distribution for a Random Variable ............................................................... 45
1.4.1.3.1. Measured Data ..................................................................................................... 45
iii
Release 14.5 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
1.4.1.3.2. Mean Values, Standard Deviation, Exceedence Values ............................................. 46
1.4.1.3.3. No Data ................................................................................................................ 46
1.4.1.4. Distribution Functions ................................................................................................... 49
1.4.2. Choosing Random Output Parameters .................................................................................... 50
1.5. Probabilistic Design Techniques ...................................................................................................... 51
1.5.1. Monte Carlo Simulations ........................................................................................................ 51
1.5.1.1. Direct Sampling ............................................................................................................. 51
1.5.1.2. Latin Hypercube Sampling ............................................................................................. 52
1.5.1.3. User-Defined Sampling .................................................................................................. 53
1.5.2. Response Surface Analysis Methods ....................................................................................... 55
1.5.2.1. Central Composite Design Sampling .............................................................................. 56
1.5.2.2. Box-Behnken Matrix Sampling ....................................................................................... 58
1.5.2.3. User-Defined Sampling .................................................................................................. 58
1.6. Postprocessing Probabilistic Analysis Results ................................................................................... 59
1.6.1. Statistical Postprocessing ....................................................................................................... 59
1.6.1.1. Sample History .............................................................................................................. 59
1.6.1.2. Histogram ..................................................................................................................... 60
1.6.1.3. Cumulative Distribution Function .................................................................................. 60
1.6.1.4. Print Probabilities .......................................................................................................... 62
1.6.1.5. Print Inverse Probabilities ............................................................................................... 62
1.6.2. Trend Postprocessing ............................................................................................................. 62
1.6.2.1. Sensitivities ................................................................................................................... 62
1.6.2.2. Scatter Plots .................................................................................................................. 65
1.6.2.3. Correlation Matrix .......................................................................................................... 67
1.6.3. Generating an HTML Report ................................................................................................... 67
1.7. Multiple Probabilistic Design Executions ......................................................................................... 67
1.7.1. Saving the Probabilistic Design Database ................................................................................ 68
1.7.2. Restarting a Probabilistic Design Analysis ............................................................................... 68
1.7.3. Clearing the Probabilistic Design Database ............................................................................. 69
1.8. Example Probabilistic Design Analysis ............................................................................................. 69
1.8.1. Problem Description .............................................................................................................. 69
1.8.2. Problem Specifications ........................................................................................................... 69
1.8.2.1. Problem Sketch ............................................................................................................. 70
1.8.3. Using a Batch File for the Analysis ........................................................................................... 70
1.8.4. Using the GUI for the PDS Analysis .......................................................................................... 72
2. Variational Technology ......................................................................................................................... 75
2.1. Harmonic Sweep Using VT Accelerator ............................................................................................ 76
2.1.1. Structural Elements Supporting Frequency-Dependent Properties .......................................... 76
2.1.2. Harmonic Sweep for High-Frequency Electromagnetic Problems ............................................ 77
2.1.2.1.Transmission Line Example Problem ............................................................................... 78
2.1.2.2.Waveguide Example Problem ......................................................................................... 79
2.1.3. Harmonic Sweep for Structural Analysis with Frequency-Dependent Material Properties ......... 81
2.1.3.1. Beam Example ............................................................................................................... 81
3. Adaptive Meshing ................................................................................................................................. 85
3.1. Prerequisites for Adaptive Meshing ................................................................................................. 85
3.2. Employing Adaptive Meshing ......................................................................................................... 85
3.3. Modifying the Adaptive Meshing Process ........................................................................................ 86
3.3.1. Selective Adaptivity ............................................................................................................... 86
3.3.2. Customizing the ADAPT Macro with User Subroutines ............................................................ 87
3.3.2.1. Creating a Custom Meshing Subroutine (ADAPTMSH.MAC) ............................................ 87
3.3.2.2. Creating a Custom Subroutine for Boundary Conditions (ADAPTBC.MAC) ....................... 88
3.3.2.3. Creating a Custom Solution Subroutine (ADAPTSOL.MAC) .............................................. 88
Release 14.5 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.iv
Advanced Analysis Guide
3.3.2.4. Some Further Comments on Custom Subroutines .......................................................... 88
3.3.3. Customizing the ADAPT Macro (UADAPT.MAC) ....................................................................... 89
3.4. Adaptive Meshing Hints and Comments .......................................................................................... 89
3.5.Where to Find Examples .................................................................................................................. 90
4. Rezoning ............................................................................................................................................... 93
4.1. Benefits and Limitations of Rezoning ............................................................................................... 93
4.1.1. Rezoning Limitations .............................................................................................................. 95
4.2. Rezoning Requirements .................................................................................................................. 96
4.3. Understanding the Rezoning Process .............................................................................................. 98
4.3.1. Overview of the Rezoning Process Flow .................................................................................. 98
4.3.2. Key Commands Used in Rezoning ........................................................................................ 101
4.4. Step 1: Determine the Substep to Initiate Rezoning ........................................................................ 102
4.5. Step 2. Initiate Rezoning ................................................................................................................ 103
4.6. Step 3: Select a Region to Remesh ................................................................................................. 103
4.7. Step 4: Perform the Remeshing Operation ..................................................................................... 104
4.7.1. Choosing a Remeshing Method ............................................................................................ 104
4.7.1.1. Remeshing Using a Program-Generated New Mesh (2-D) .............................................. 105
4.7.1.1.1. Creating an Area to Remesh ................................................................................ 105
4.7.1.1.2. Using Nodes From the Old Mesh ......................................................................... 105
4.7.1.1.3. Hints for Remeshing Multiple Regions ................................................................ 106
4.7.1.1.4. Generating a New Mesh ..................................................................................... 106
4.7.1.2. Remeshing Using a Generic New Mesh (2-D and 3-D) ................................................... 106
4.7.1.2.1. Using the REMESH Command with a Generic New Mesh ...................................... 107
4.7.1.2.2. Requirements for the Generic New Mesh ............................................................. 107
4.7.1.2.3. Using the REGE and KEEP Remeshing Options ..................................................... 108
4.7.1.3. Remeshing Using Manual Mesh Splitting (2-D) ............................................................. 110
4.7.1.3.1. Understanding Mesh Splitting ............................................................................. 110
4.7.1.3.2. Geometry Details for Mesh Splitting ................................................................... 110
4.7.1.3.3. Using the REMESH Command for Mesh Splitting .................................................. 112
4.7.1.3.4. Mesh Transition Options for Mesh Splitting .......................................................... 113
4.7.2. Mesh Control ....................................................................................................................... 114
4.7.3. Remeshing Multiple Regions at the Same Substep ................................................................ 116
4.8. Step 5: Verify Applied Contact Boundaries, Loads, and Boundary Conditions ................................... 116
4.8.1. Contact Boundaries .............................................................................................................. 116
4.8.2. Pressure and Contiguous Displacements ............................................................................... 117
4.8.3. Forces and Isolated Applied Displacements ........................................................................... 117
4.8.4. Nodal Temperatures ............................................................................................................. 117
4.8.5. Other Boundary Conditions and Loads ................................................................................. 118
4.9. Step 6: Automatically Map Variables and Balance Residuals ............................................................ 118
4.9.1. Mapping Solution Variables .................................................................................................. 118
4.9.2. Balancing Residual Forces ..................................................................................................... 118
4.9.3. Interpreting Mapped Results ................................................................................................ 120
4.9.4. Handling Convergence Difficulties ........................................................................................ 120
4.10. Step 7: Perform a Multiframe Restart ............................................................................................ 120
4.11. Repeating the Rezoning Process if Necessary ............................................................................... 121
4.11.1. File Structures for Repeated Rezonings ............................................................................... 121
4.12. Postprocessing Rezoning Results ................................................................................................. 121
4.12.1. The Database Postprocessor ............................................................................................... 122
4.12.1.1. Listing the Rezoning Results File Summary ................................................................. 122
4.12.1.2. Animating the Rezoning Results ................................................................................. 122
4.12.1.3. Using the Results Viewer for Rezoning ........................................................................ 123
4.12.2. The Time-History Postprocessor .......................................................................................... 123
v
Release 14.5 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Advanced Analysis Guide
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