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Embedded System Design
A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction
Solution Manual
Frank Vahid
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of California, Riverside
Tony Givargis
Department of Information and Computer Science
University of California, Irvine
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ii Embedded System Design
Copyright © 2002, Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis.
Instructors: Please do not post this or any portion of this manual in
electronic format.
Embedded System Design 1
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1 Whatisanembeddedsystem? Whyisitsohardtodefine?
An embedded system is nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer.
Embedded systems are hard to define because they cover such a board range of
electronic devices.
1.2 List and define the three main characteristics of embedded systems that distinguish such
systems from other computing systems.
1. single functioned : executes a specific program repeatedly
2. tightly constrained : the specified cost, performance, and power must be met
3. reactive and real-time: system must quickly and constantly react to outside stimuli
1.3 What is a design metric?
A design metric is a measure of an implementation’s features such as cost, size,
performance, and power.
1.4 List a pair of design metrics that may compete with one another, providing an intuitive
explanation of the reason behind the competition.
(Note: answers will vary)
Size and performance compete with one another. Reducing the size of an
implementation may cause performance to suffer and vice versa.
1.5 What is a “market window” and why is it so important for products to reach the market
early in this window?
Chapter 1: Introduction
2 Embedded System Design
A market window is the time period in which a given product is in demand,
specifically the time in which this product would yield the highest sales. Missing the
window could mean significant loss in sales.
1.6 Using the revenue model of Figure 1.4(b), derive the percentage revenue loss equation
for any rise angle, rather than just for 45 degrees (Hint: you should get the same
equation).
tan A = opposite / adjacent
opposite = tan A * adjacent
Revenue loss = ( (on time - delayed) / on time ) * 100%
Area of on time = 1/2 * base * height
= 1/2 * 2W * tan A * W
=tanA*W
2
Area of delay = 1/2 * base * height
=1/2*(W-D+W)*(tanA*(W-D))
=1/2*(2W-D)*(tanA*(W-D))
Revenue Loss = [ ( (tan A * W
2
)-(1/2*(2W-D)*tanA*(W-D)))/
(tan A * W
2
)] * 100%
=[(W
2
- (1/2 * (2W-D) * (W-D)) ) / W
2
] * 100%
=[(W
2
-1/2*(2W
2
-2WD-WD-D
2
))/W
2
] * 100%
=[(W
2
-1/2*(2W
2
-3WD-D
2
))/W
2
] * 100%
=[(2W
2
-2W
2
+3WD+D
2
)/2W
2
] * 100%
=[(3WD+D
2
)/2W
2
] * 100%
1.7 Using the revenue model of Figure 1.4(b), compute the percentage revenue loss if D =5
and W = 10. If the company whose product entered the market on time earned a total
revenue of $25 million, how much revenue did the company that entered the market 5
months late lose?
percentage revenue loss = ( D * ( 3W - D ) / 2W
2
) * 100%
=(5*(3*10-5)/2*10
2
) * 100%
= ( 5 * 25 / 200 ) * 100%
= 62.5%
revenue loss = $25,000,000 * 0.625
= $15,625,000
A
A
D2WW
W-D
Chapter 1: Introduction
Embedded System Design 3
1.8 What is NRE cost?
NRE cost is the nonrecurring engineering cost. It is the one time monetary cost of
designing the system.
1.9 The design of a particular disk drive has an NRE cost of $100,000 and a unit cost of
$20. How much will we have to add to the cost of each product to cover our NRE cost,
assuming we sell: (a) 100 units, and (b) 10,000 units?
(a) added cost = NRE / # units produced
= $100,000 / 100
= $1,000
(b) added cost = NRE / # units produced
= $100,000 / 10,000
= $10
1.10 Create a graph with the x-axis the number of units and the y-axis the product cost. Plot
the per-product cost function for an NRE of $50,000 and a unit cost of $5.
Number of Units Per-product Cost Number of Units Per-product Cost
1 50005 5000 15
50 1005 10000 10
100 505 50000 6
200 255 100000 5.5
300 171.6666667 500000 5.1
400 130 1000000 5.05
500 105 5000000 5.01
1000 55
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1
5
0
1
00
2
00
3
00
4
00
5
00
1
000
5
000
1
0000
5
0000
1
00000
5
00000
1
000000
5
000000
number of units produced
per product cost
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