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首页IEEE 802.11ac:6GHz以下频段的高通量增强标准
IEEE 802.11ac协议标准是WLAN(无线局域网)技术的重要里程碑,它是IEEE 802.11系列标准的一部分,旨在提供非常高的数据传输速率,支持在6GHz以下频段进行高效通信。该标准由LAN/MAN Standards Committee赞助,由IEEE制定并维护,最初发布于2013年,是对IEEE 802.11标准的第四次修订,即对2012年标准(IEEE Std 802.11-2012)的扩展和增强。
802.11ac协议标准的主要目标是通过引入新的技术和优化现有技术,来提升无线网络的吞吐量和效率。它定义了无线局域网的介质访问控制(MAC)层和物理层(PHY)规范,这两个层对于确保无线设备之间的有效通信至关重要。MAC层负责管理网络中的多个设备如何共享无线资源,包括数据帧的发送、接收和冲突解决,而PHY层则关注信号的编码、调制和传输,以适应更高的数据速率和更宽的频谱利用率。
在802.11ac之前的标准,如802.11n,已经在很大程度上提高了无线速度,但802.11ac的提升更为显著。它采用了多载波捆绑(Multi-Carrier Aggregation, MIMO)技术,允许同时使用多个载波进行数据传输,极大地增加了带宽。此外,它引入了更高阶的调制方式,如256-QAM(256种不同的信号状态),以及更快的符号速率,进一步提升了数据传输速率。
为了适应不同场景和频段,802.11ac标准支持多个工作模式,包括单流和多流,可以灵活地在2.4GHz和5GHz频段之间切换。在2.4GHz频段,尽管存在更多的干扰,但802.11ac通过先进的信号处理技术实现了在拥挤环境中保持高速度。
IEEE 802.11ac标准的实施对现代无线网络基础设施和消费级设备产生了深远影响,促进了智能家居、移动办公和物联网应用的发展。随着技术的不断演进,后续的标准(如802.11ax)在此基础上进一步优化,推动着无线通信的持续进步。IEEE 802.11ac协议标准是无线网络迈向高带宽、低延迟和无缝连接的关键一步。
xiv Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.
8.5.4 DLS Action frame details............................................................................................ 106
8.5.4.2 DLS Request frame format........................................................................ 106
8.5.4.3 DLS Response frame format ..................................................................... 106
8.5.8 Public Action details.................................................................................................... 106
8.5.8.3 Measurement Pilot frame format............................................................... 106
8.5.8.7 Extended Channel Switch Announcement frame format .......................... 107
8.5.8.16 TDLS Discovery Response frame format ................................................. 107
8.5.13 TDLS Action frame details.......................................................................................... 108
8.5.13.2 TDLS Setup Request Action field format ................................................. 108
8.5.13.3 TDLS Setup Response Action field format............................................... 108
8.5.13.4 TDLS Setup Confirm Action field format................................................. 109
8.5.13.7 TDLS Channel Switch Request Action field format ................................. 109
8.5.14 WNM Action fields ..................................................................................................... 110
8.5.14.24 Channel Usage Response frame format..................................................... 110
8.5.16 Self-protected Action frame details............................................................................. 110
8.5.16.2 Mesh Peering Open frame format ............................................................. 110
8.5.16.3 Mesh Peering Confirm frame format......................................................... 111
8.5.23 VHT Action frame details ........................................................................................... 111
8.5.23.1 VHT Action field....................................................................................... 111
8.5.23.2 VHT Compressed Beamforming frame format ......................................... 112
8.5.23.3 Group ID Management frame format........................................................ 112
8.5.23.4 Operating Mode Notification frame format............................................... 113
8.6 Aggregate MPDU (A-MPDU)................................................................................................... 113
8.6.1 A-MPDU format.......................................................................................................... 113
8.6.3 A-MPDU contents ....................................................................................................... 116
9. MAC sublayer functional description................................................................................................... 118
9.2 MAC architecture ...................................................................................................................... 118
9.2.1 General......................................................................................................................... 118
9.2.4 Hybrid coordination function (HCF)........................................................................... 118
9.2.4.1 General....................................................................................................... 118
9.2.4.2 HCF contention-based channel access (EDCA)........................................ 119
9.2.7 Fragmentation/defragmentation overview................................................................... 119
9.3 DCF............................................................................................................................................ 120
9.3.1 General......................................................................................................................... 120
9.3.2 Procedures common to both DCF and EDCAF........................................................... 120
9.3.2.3 IFS ............................................................................................................. 120
9.3.2.5a VHT RTS procedure.................................................................................. 121
9.3.2.6 CTS and DMG CTS procedure ................................................................. 121
9.3.2.7 Dual CTS protection.................................................................................. 122
9.3.2.9a MU acknowledgment procedure ............................................................... 122
9.3.4 DCF access procedure ................................................................................................. 124
9.3.4.4 Recovery procedures and retransmit limits ............................................... 124
9.3.7 DCF timing relations ................................................................................................... 124
9.5 Fragmentation ............................................................................................................................ 124
9.7 Multirate support........................................................................................................................ 125
9.7.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 125
9.7.4 Basic Rate Set and Basic MCS Set for mesh STA ...................................................... 125
9.7.5 Rate selection for data and management frames ......................................................... 125
9.7.5.3 Rate selection for other group addressed data and management frames ... 125
9.7.5.5a Rate selection for data frames sent within an FMS stream ....................... 125
9.7.5.6 Rate selection for other individually addressed
data and management
frames ........................................................................................................ 126
Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. xv
9.7.6 Rate selection for control frames................................................................................. 127
9.7.6.1 General rules for rate selection for control frames .................................... 127
9.7.6.2 Rate selection for control frames that initiate a TXOP ............................. 128
9.7.6.4 Rate selection for control frames that are not control response frames..... 128
9.7.6.5 Rate selection for control response frames................................................ 129
9.7.6.6 Channel Width selection for control frames.............................................. 132
9.7.8 Modulation classes ...................................................................................................... 134
9.7.9 Non-HT basic rate calculation..................................................................................... 135
9.7.10 Channel Width in non-HT and non-HT duplicate PPDUs .......................................... 135
9.7.11 Rate selection constraints for VHT STAs ................................................................... 136
9.7.11.1 Rx Supported VHT-MCS and NSS Set..................................................... 136
9.7.11.2 Tx Supported VHT-MCS and NSS Set ..................................................... 136
9.7.11.3 Additional rate selection constraints for VHT PPDUs.............................. 137
9.9 HT Control field operation ........................................................................................................ 138
9.11 A-MSDU operation.................................................................................................................... 138
9.12 A-MPDU operation.................................................................................................................... 139
9.12.2 A-MPDU length limit rules ......................................................................................... 139
9.12.3 Minimum MPDU Start Spacing field.......................................................................... 140
9.12.4 A-MPDU aggregation of group addressed data frames............................................... 140
9.12.5 Transport of A-MPDU by the PHY data service......................................................... 141
9.12.6 A-MPDU padding for VHT PPDU ............................................................................. 141
9.12.7 Setting the EOF field of the MPDU delimiter............................................................. 142
9.12.8 Transport of VHT single MPDUs ............................................................................... 143
9.15 STBC operation ......................................................................................................................... 143
9.16 Short GI operation ..................................................................................................................... 143
9.17a Group ID and partial AID in VHT PPDUs................................................................................ 145
9.18 Operation across regulatory domains ........................................................................................ 146
9.18.5 Operation with operating classes and the VHT Transmit Power Envelope element
... 146
9.19 HCF............................................................................................................................................ 147
9.19.2 HCF contention-based channel access (EDCA).......................................................... 147
9.19.2.2 EDCA TXOPs ........................................................................................... 147
9.19.2.3 Obtaining an EDCA TXOP ....................................................................... 148
9.19.2.3a Sharing an EDCA TXOP........................................................................... 149
9.19.2.4 Multiple frame transmission in an EDCA TXOP...................................... 149
9.19.2.5 EDCA backoff procedure .......................................................................... 151
9.19.2.6 Retransmit procedures ............................................................................... 153
9.19.2.7 Truncation of a TXOP ............................................................................... 154
9.19.2.8 EDCA channel access in a VHT BSS ....................................................... 154
9.19.3 HCCA .......................................................................................................................... 155
9.19.3.2 HCCA procedure ....................................................................................... 155
9.19.3.5 HCCA transfer rules .................................................................................. 155
9.21 Block Acknowledgment (Block Ack)........................................................................................ 156
9.21.10 GCR Block Ack........................................................................................................... 156
9.21.10.3 GCR Block Ack BlockAckReq and BlockAck frame exchanges ............. 156
9.23 Protection mechanisms .............................................................................................................. 156
9.23.5 L-SIG TXOP protection .............................................................................................. 156
9.23.5.3 L-SIG TXOP protection rules at the TXOP responder.............................. 156
9.23.6 Protection Rules for VHT STAs.................................................................................. 156
9.25 Reverse Direction Protocol........................................................................................................ 156
9.25.1 Reverse direction (RD) exchange sequence ................................................................ 156
9.25.3 Rules for RD initiator .................................................................................................. 157
9.25.4 Rules for responder...................................................................................................... 157
9.26 PSMP operation ......................................................................................................................... 157
9.26.1 Frame transmission mechanism during PSMP............................................................ 157
xvi Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.
9.26.1.2 PSMP downlink transmission (PSMP-DTT)............................................. 157
9.27 Sounding PPDUs ....................................................................................................................... 158
9.28 Link adaptation .......................................................................................................................... 158
9.28.2 Link adaptation using the HT variant
HT Control field .............................................. 158
9.28.3 Link adaptation using the VHT variant HT Control field ........................................... 159
9.29 Transmit beamforming .............................................................................................................. 162
9.29.1 General
HT steering matrix calculations ..................................................................... 162
9.29.2 HT t
Transmit beamforming with implicit feedback.................................................... 162
9.29.2.1 General....................................................................................................... 162
9.29.2.3 Bidirectional implicit transmit beamforming ............................................ 164
9.29.2.4 Calibration ................................................................................................. 164
9.29.3 Explicit feedback beamforming................................................................................... 164
9.29.4 VHT MU beamforming ............................................................................................... 165
9.30 Antenna selection (ASEL)......................................................................................................... 165
9.30.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 165
9.31 Null data packet (NDP) sounding.............................................................................................. 165
9.31.1 NDP rules .................................................................................................................... 165
9.31.2 Transmission of an HT
NDP ....................................................................................... 167
9.31.3 Determination of HT
NDP destination........................................................................ 167
9.31.4 Determination of HT
NDP source ............................................................................... 167
9.31.5 VHT sounding protocol............................................................................................... 168
9.31.5.1 General....................................................................................................... 168
9.31.5.2 Rules for VHT sounding protocol sequences ............................................ 168
9.31.5.3 Rules for fragmented feedback in VHT sounding protocol sequences ..... 172
9.31.6 Transmission of a VHT NDP ...................................................................................... 173
10. MLME .................................................................................................................................................. 174
10.1 Synchronization ......................................................................................................................... 174
10.1.3 Maintaining synchronization ....................................................................................... 174
10.1.3.2 Beacon generation in non-DMG infrastructure networks ......................... 174
10.2 Power management.................................................................................................................... 174
10.2.1 Power management in a non-DMG infrastructure network ........................................ 174
10.2.1.17 TIM broadcast............................................................................................ 174
10.2.1.19 VHT TXOP power save ............................................................................ 175
10.3 STA authentication and association........................................................................................... 176
10.3.5 Association, reassociation, and disassociation ............................................................ 176
10.3.5.3 PCP/AP association receipt procedures..................................................... 176
10.3.5.5 PCP/AP reassociation receipt procedures.................................................. 176
10.8 TPC procedures.......................................................................................................................... 176
10.8.2 Association based on transmit power capability ......................................................... 176
10.8.3a Interpretation of transmit power capability ................................................................. 177
10.8.4 Specification of regulatory and local maximum transmit power levels ...................... 177
10.9 DFS procedures.......................................................................................................................... 178
10.9.3 Quieting channels for testing....................................................................................... 178
10.11 Radio measurement procedures................................................................................................. 179
10.11.9 Specific measurement usage........................................................................................ 179
10.11.9.1 Beacon Report ........................................................................................... 179
10.11.9.3 Channel Load Report................................................................................. 180
10.11.9.4 Noise Histogram Report ............................................................................ 181
10.11.18AP Channel Report...................................................................................................... 181
10.15 20/40 MHz BSS operation......................................................................................................... 181
10.15.2 Basic 20/40 MHz BSS functionality ........................................................................... 181
10.15.8 Support for DSSS/CCK in 40 MHz............................................................................. 182
Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. xvii
10.15.9 STA CCA sensing in a 20/40 MHz BSS ..................................................................... 182
10.15.12Switching between 40 MHz and 20 MHz ................................................................... 182
10.16 Phased coexistence operation (PCO).........................................................................................182
10.16.1 General description of PCO......................................................................................... 182
10.17 20/40 BSS Coexistence Management frame usage ................................................................... 183
10.22 Tunneled direct link setup.......................................................................................................... 183
10.22.1 General......................................................................................................................... 183
10.22.6 TDLS channel switching ............................................................................................. 184
10.22.6.3 TDLS channel switching and power saving .............................................. 184
10.22.6.4 Setting up a wide bandwidth off-channel direct link................................. 184
10.25 Quality-of-Service management frame (QMF) ......................................................................... 185
10.25.1 General......................................................................................................................... 185
10.25.1.2 Default QMF policy................................................................................... 185
10.39 VHT BSS operation................................................................................................................... 186
10.39.1 Basic VHT BSS functionality...................................................................................... 186
10.39.2 Channel selection methods for a VHT BSS ................................................................ 187
10.39.3 Scanning requirements for VHT STA ......................................................................... 188
10.39.4 Channel switching methods for a VHT BSS ............................................................... 188
10.39.5 NAV assertion in a VHT BSS ..................................................................................... 191
10.39.6 VHT STA antenna indication ...................................................................................... 191
10.39.7 BSS basic VHT-MCS and NSS set operation ............................................................. 191
10.40 Group ID management operation ..............................................................................................191
10.41 Notification of operating mode changes.................................................................................... 192
11. Security................................................................................................................................................. 195
11.4 RSNA confidentiality and integrity protocols ........................................................................... 195
11.4.3 CTR with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP)..................................................................... 195
11.4.3.1 General....................................................................................................... 195
11.4.3.2 CCMP MPDU format................................................................................ 195
11.4.3.3 CCMP cryptographic encapsulation.......................................................... 196
11.4.3.4 CCMP decapsulation ................................................................................. 196
11.4.4 Broadcast/Multicast Integrity Protocol (BIP).............................................................. 196
11.4.4.1 BIP overview ............................................................................................. 196
11.4.4.5 BIP transmission........................................................................................ 197
11.4.4.6 BIP reception ............................................................................................. 197
11.4.5 GCM with Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) Protocol (GCMP) .......... 198
11.4.5.1 GCMP overview ........................................................................................ 198
11.5 RSNA security association management................................................................................... 198
11.5.3 RSNA policy selection in an ESS................................................................................ 198
11.5.5 RSNA policy selection in an IBSS and for DLS ......................................................... 198
11.5.7 RSNA policy selection in an MBSS............................................................................ 199
11.6 Keys and key distribution .......................................................................................................... 199
11.6.1 Key hierarchy .............................................................................................................. 199
11.6.1.2 PRF ............................................................................................................ 199
11.6.1.3 Pairwise key hierarchy............................................................................... 200
11.6.1.7 FT key hierarchy........................................................................................ 202
11.6.2 EAPOL-Key frames .................................................................................................... 204
11.6.3 EAPOL-Key frame construction and processing ........................................................ 205
11.7 Mapping EAPOL keys to IEEE 802.11 keys............................................................................. 205
11.7.7 Mapping IGTK to BIP keys......................................................................................... 205
13. MLME mesh procedures ...................................................................................................................... 206
xviii Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.
13.2 Mesh discovery.......................................................................................................................... 206
13.2.4 Mesh STA configuration ............................................................................................. 206
13.2.7 Candidate peer mesh STA ........................................................................................... 206
18. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) PHY specification .......................................... 207
18.2 OFDM PHY specific service parameter list .............................................................................. 207
18.2.2 TXVECTOR parameters ............................................................................................. 207
18.2.2.1 General....................................................................................................... 207
18.2.2.7 TXVECTOR CH_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT .................................... 207
18.2.2.8 TXVECTOR DYN_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT ................................. 207
18.2.3 RXVECTOR parameters ............................................................................................. 208
18.2.3.1 General....................................................................................................... 208
18.2.3.7 RXVECTOR CH_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT .................................... 208
18.2.3.8 RXVECTOR DYN_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT ................................. 208
18.3 OFDM PLCP sublayer............................................................................................................... 208
18.3.2 PLCP frame format...................................................................................................... 208
18.3.2.2 Overview of the PPDU encoding process ................................................. 208
18.3.5 DATA field.................................................................................................................. 209
18.3.5.5 PLCP DATA scrambler and descrambler ................................................. 209
18.3.9 PMD transmit specifications ....................................................................................... 211
18.3.9.3 Transmit spectrum mask............................................................................ 211
18.3.9.7 Modulation accuracy ................................................................................. 211
19. Extended Rate PHY (ERP) specification ............................................................................................. 212
19.3 Extended Rate PLCP sublayer................................................................................................... 212
19.3.3 PLCP data modulation and rate change....................................................................... 212
19.3.3.4 Long and short DSSS-OFDM PLCP format ............................................. 212
20. High Throughput (HT) PHY specification........................................................................................... 213
20.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 213
20.1.1 Introduction to the HT PHY ........................................................................................ 213
20.3 HT PLCP sublayer..................................................................................................................... 213
20.3.10 Transmission of NON_HT format PPDUs with more than one antenna
transmit
chain............................................................................................................................. 213
20.3.11 Data field ..................................................................................................................... 213
20.3.11.3 Scrambler................................................................................................... 213
20.3.20 PMD transmit specification ......................................................................................... 213
20.3.20.1 Transmit spectrum mask............................................................................ 213
20.3.20.7 Modulation accuracy ................................................................................. 213
22. Very High Throughput (VHT) PHY specification ............................................................................... 214
22.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 214
22.1.1 Introduction to the VHT PHY ..................................................................................... 214
22.1.2 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 215
22.1.3 VHT PHY functions .................................................................................................... 215
22.1.3.1 General....................................................................................................... 215
22.1.3.2 PHY management entity (PLME) ............................................................. 215
22.1.3.3 Service specification method..................................................................... 215
22.1.4 PPDU formats..............................................................................................................215
22.2 VHT PHY service interface....................................................................................................... 216
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