Refactoring:ImprovingtheDesignofExistingCode（重构：改善既有代码的设计）（英文版）

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Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code

by Martin Fowler, Kent Beck (Contributor), John Brant (Contributor), William

Opdyke, don Roberts

Another stupid release 2002J

Your class library works, but could it be better? Refactoring: Improving the Design of

Existing Code shows how refactoring can make object-oriented code simpler and easier

to maintain. Today refactoring requires considerable design know-how, but once tools

become available, all programmers should be able to improve their code using refactoring

techniques.

Besides an introduction to refactoring, this handbook provides a catalog of dozens of tips

for improving code. The best thing about Refactoring is its remarkably clear presentation,

along with excellent nuts-and-bolts advice, from object expert Martin Fowler. The author

is also an authority on software patterns and UML, and this experience helps make this a

better book, one that should be immediately accessible to any intermediate or advanced

object-oriented developer. (Just like patterns, each refactoring tip is presented with a

simple name, a "motivation," and examples using Java and UML.)

Early chapters stress the importance of testing in successful refactoring. (When you

improve code, you have to test to verify that it still works.) After the discussion on how

to detect the "smell" of bad code, readers get to the heart of the book, its catalog of over

70 "refactorings"--tips for better and simpler class design. Each tip is illustrated with

"before" and "after" code, along with an explanation. Later chapters provide a quick look

at refactoring research.

Like software patterns, refactoring may be an idea whose time has come. This

groundbreaking title will surely help bring refactoring to the programming mainstream.

With its clear advice on a hot new topic, Refactoring is sure to be essential reading for

anyone who writes or maintains object-oriented software. --Richard Dragan

Topics Covered: Refactoring, improving software code, redesign, design tips, patterns,

unit testing, refactoring research, and tools.

Book News, Inc.

A guide to refactoring, the process of changing a software system so that it does not alter

the external behavior of the code yet improves its internal structure, for professional

programmers. Early chapters cover general principles, rationales, examples, and testing.

The heart of the book is a catalog of refactorings, organized in chapters on composing

methods, moving features between objects, organizing data, simplifying conditional

expressions, and dealing with generalizations

Foreword........................................................................................................................ 6

Preface........................................................................................................................... 8

What Is Refactoring? ............................................................................................... 9

What's in This Book? ............................................................................................... 9

Who Should Read This Book?............................................................................. 10

Building on the Foundations Laid by Others...................................................... 10

Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 11

Chapter 1. Refactoring, a First Example ................................................................ 13

The Starting Point................................................................................................... 13

The First Step in Refactoring................................................................................ 17

Decomposing and Redistributing the Statement Method ................................ 18

Replacing the Conditional Logic on Price Code with Polymorphism ............. 35

Final Thoughts ........................................................................................................ 44

Chapter 2. Principles in Refactoring........................................................................ 46

Defining Refactoring .............................................................................................. 46

Why Should You Refactor? .................................................................................. 47

Refactoring Helps You Find Bugs ....................................................................... 48

When Should You Refactor?................................................................................ 49

What Do I Tell My Manager?................................................................................ 52

Problems with Refactoring .................................................................................... 54

Refactoring and Design......................................................................................... 57

Refactoring and Performance .............................................................................. 59

Where Did Refactoring Come From?.................................................................. 60

Chapter 3. Bad Smells in Code................................................................................ 63

Duplicated Code..................................................................................................... 63

Long Method ........................................................................................................... 64

Large Class ............................................................................................................. 65

Long Parameter List............................................................................................... 65

Divergent Change .................................................................................................. 66

Shotgun Surgery..................................................................................................... 66

Feature Envy........................................................................................................... 66

Data Clumps ........................................................................................................... 67

Primitive Obsession ............................................................................................... 67

Switch Statements ................................................................................................. 68

Parallel Inheritance Hierarchies........................................................................... 68

Lazy Class ............................................................................................................... 68

Speculative Generality........................................................................................... 68

Temporary Field ..................................................................................................... 69

Message Chains ..................................................................................................... 69

Middle Man.............................................................................................................. 69

Inappropriate Intimacy........................................................................................... 70

Alternative Classes with Different Interfaces ..................................................... 70

Incomplete Library Class....................................................................................... 70

Data Class............................................................................................................... 70

Refused Bequest.................................................................................................... 71

Comments ............................................................................................................... 71

Chapter 4. Building Tests.......................................................................................... 73

The Value of Self-testing Code............................................................................ 73

The JUnit Testing Framework .............................................................................. 74

Adding More Tests ................................................................................................. 80

Chapter 5. Toward a Catalog of Refactorings ....................................................... 85

Format of the Refactorings ................................................................................... 85

Finding References................................................................................................ 86

How Mature Are These Refactorings?................................................................ 87

Chapter 6. Composing Methods .............................................................................. 89

Extract Method........................................................................................................ 89

Inline Method........................................................................................................... 95

Inline Temp.............................................................................................................. 96

Replace Temp with Query.................................................................................... 97

Introduce Explaining Variable............................................................................. 101

Split Temporary Variable..................................................................................... 104

Remove Assignments to Parameters ............................................................... 107

Replace Method with Method Object ................................................................ 110

Substitute Algorithm ............................................................................................. 113

Chapter 7. Moving Features Between Objects.................................................... 115

Move Method ........................................................................................................ 115

Move Field ............................................................................................................. 119

Extract Class ......................................................................................................... 122

Inline Class............................................................................................................ 125

Hide Delegate ....................................................................................................... 127

Remove Middle Man............................................................................................ 130

Introduce Foreign Method................................................................................... 131

Introduce Local Extension................................................................................... 133

Chapter 8. Organizing Data .................................................................................... 138

Self Encapsulate Field......................................................................................... 138

Replace Data Value with Object ........................................................................ 141

Change Value to Reference ............................................................................... 144

Change Reference to Value ............................................................................... 148

Replace Array with Object .................................................................................. 150

Duplicate Observed Data .................................................................................... 153

Change Unidirectional Association to Bidirectional ........................................ 159

Change Bidirectional Association to Unidirectional ........................................ 162

Replace Magic Number with Symbolic Constant ............................................ 166

Encapsulate Field................................................................................................. 167

Encapsulate Collection........................................................................................ 168

Replace Record with Data Class....................................................................... 175

Replace Type Code with Class.......................................................................... 176

Replace Type Code with Subclasses ............................................................... 181

Replace Type Code with State/Strategy........................................................... 184

Replace Subclass with Fields............................................................................. 188

Chapter 9. Simplifying Conditional Expressions ................................................. 192

Decompose Conditional...................................................................................... 192

Consolidate Conditional Expression................................................................. 194

Consolidate Duplicate Conditional Fragments ................................................ 196

Remove Control Flag........................................................................................... 197

Replace Nested Conditional with Guard Clauses........................................... 201

Replace Conditional with Polymorphism .......................................................... 205

Introduce Null Object ........................................................................................... 209

Introduce Assertion.............................................................................................. 216

Chapter 10. Making Method Calls Simpler........................................................... 220

Rename Method................................................................................................... 221

Add Parameter...................................................................................................... 222

Remove Parameter.............................................................................................. 223

Separate Query from Modifier............................................................................ 225

Parameterize Method .......................................................................................... 228

Replace Parameter with Explicit Methods........................................................ 230

Preserve Whole Object ....................................................................................... 232

Replace Parameter with Method ....................................................................... 235

Introduce Parameter Object ............................................................................... 238

Remove Setting Method...................................................................................... 242

Hide Method.......................................................................................................... 245

Replace Constructor with Factory Method....................................................... 246

Encapsulate Downcast........................................................................................ 249

Replace Error Code with Exception .................................................................. 251

Replace Exception with Test .............................................................................. 255

Chapter 11. Dealing with Generalization.............................................................. 259

Pull Up Field .......................................................................................................... 259

Pull Up Method ..................................................................................................... 260

Pull Up Constructor Body.................................................................................... 263

Push Down Method.............................................................................................. 266

Push Down Field .................................................................................................. 266

Extract Subclass................................................................................................... 267

Extract Superclass ............................................................................................... 272

Extract Interface ................................................................................................... 277

Collapse Hierarchy............................................................................................... 279

Form Template Method....................................................................................... 280

Replace Inheritance with Delegation................................................................. 287

Replace Delegation with Inheritance................................................................. 289

Chapter 12. Big Refactorings ................................................................................. 293

Tease Apart Inheritance...................................................................................... 294

Convert Procedural Design to Objects ............................................................. 300

Separate Domain from Presentation................................................................. 302

Extract Hierarchy.................................................................................................. 306

Chapter 13. Refactoring, Reuse, and Reality...................................................... 311

A Reality Check .................................................................................................... 311

Why Are Developers Reluctant to Refactor Their Programs? ...................... 312

A Reality Check (Revisited)................................................................................ 323

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