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Waymo Safety Report

Waymo’s mission is to bring self-driving
technology to the world, making it safe and
easy for people and things to move around.
We believe our technology can improve
mobility by giving people the freedom
to get around, and save thousands
of lives now lost to trac crashes.
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3Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving
Self-driving vehicles hold the promise to improve road
safety and oer new mobility options to millions
of people. Whether they’re saving lives or helping
people run errands, commute to work, or drop kids o
at school, fully self-driving vehicles hold enormous
potential to transform people’s lives for the better.
Safety is at the core of Waymo’s mission — it’s why
we were founded over eight years ago as the Google
self-driving car project.
Every year, 1.2 million lives are lost to trac crashes around the world, and
in the U.S. the number of tragedies is growing. A common element of these
crashes is that 94% involve human error. Driving is not as safe or as easy as
it should be, while distracted driving is on the rise. We believe our technology
could save thousands of lives now lost to trac crashes every year.
Our commitment to safety is reflected in everything we do, from our company
culture to how we design and test our technology. In this, our first Safety
Report on Waymo’s fully self-driving technology, we detail Waymo’s work
on — and our commitment to — safety. This overview of our safety program
underscores the important lessons learned through the 3.5 million miles
Waymo’s vehicles have self-driven on public roads and through our billions
of miles of simulated driving.
We’re Building
a Safer Driver
for Everyone

Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving 4
Waymo’s Safety Report also addresses the U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) federal policy framework for autonomous vehicles: Automated Driving
Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety. The DOT framework outlines 12 safety design
elements, and encourages companies testing and deploying self-driving
systems to address each of these areas. Over the course of our Report,
we will outline the processes relevant to each safety design element and
how they underpin the development, testing, and deployment of fully
self-driving vehicles.
Fully self-driving vehicles will succeed in their promise and gain public
acceptance only if they are safe. That’s why Waymo has been investing
in safety and building the processes that give us the confidence that our
self-driving vehicles can serve the public’s need for safer transportation
and better mobility.

Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving
1. Our System Safety Program: Safety by Design
Areas Addressed by Waymo’s System Safety Program
Safety Processes
2. How Waymo’s Self-Driving Vehicles Work
The Self-Driving System
Object and Event Detection and Response: Our Vehicle Sensors
Our Self-Driving Software
Operational Design Domain: Ensuring Our Vehicles Operate Safely Under
Specific Conditions
Minimal Risk Condition (Fallback): Ensuring the Vehicle Can Transition to a Safe Stop
Data Recording and Post-Crash Behavior
Self-Driving Vehicle Cybersecurity
3. Testing and Validation Methods: Ensuring Our Vehicles Are Capable and Safe
Base Vehicle Safety
Self-Driving Hardware Testing
Self-Driving Software Testing
Behavioral Competencies for Normal Driving
Testing the Fully Integrated Self-Driving Vehicle
Testing on Public Roads
Testing Crash Avoidance Capabilities
Hardware Reliability and Durability Testing
4. Interacting Safely with the Public
Rider Experience
Accessibility: Unlocking Opportunities for Those Who Cannot Drive Today
Emergencies and Interacting With Law Enforcement and First Responders
5. Conclusion
Appendix: Scenario Types Used for Testing and Validation
Appendix A. Basic Behavioral Competency Testing
Appendix B. Avoidance or Mitigation of Common Crash Scenarios
Glossary
End Notes
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