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Motor Handbook
Authors: Institute for Power Electronics
and Electrical Drives,
RWTH Aachen University
Fang Qi
Daniel Scharfenstein
Claude Weiss
Infineon Technologies AG
Dr. Clemens Müller
Dr. Ulrich Schwarzer
Version: 2.1
Release Date: 12.03.2019
Motor Handbook 2
Preface
This motor handbook was created by Infineon Technologies AG together with
Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, RWTH Aachen University/
Germany.
It was originally released in its first version in 2016. Based on the feedback,
which has been received in the meantime, a new version with further improved
motor images and updated diagrams has been developed.
Dr. Clemens Müller
Infineon Technologies AG
IFAG IPC ISD
Munich/Germany, March 2019
Motor Handbook 3
Contents
Preface ..................................................................................................... 2
Contents ................................................................................................... 3
Introduction............................................................................................... 5
Induction machine (IM) ............................................................................... 7
Structure and functional description ........................................................... 9
Motor characteristics and motor control ...................................................... 9
Notable features and ratings ................................................................... 22
Strengths and weaknesses ..................................................................... 22
Predominant applications ........................................................................ 22
Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) ........................................ 24
Motor structure and functional description ................................................ 25
Concentrated and distributed windings ..................................................... 26
Motor characteristics and motor control .................................................... 26
Notable features and ratings ................................................................... 30
Strengths and weaknesses ..................................................................... 31
Predominant applications ........................................................................ 31
Synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) .................................................. 32
Strengths and weaknesses ..................................................................... 33
Predominant applications ........................................................................ 34
DC Machine ............................................................................................. 35
Motor structure and functional description ................................................ 35
Motor characteristics and motor control .................................................... 37
Notable features and ratings ................................................................... 45
Strengths and weaknesses ..................................................................... 46
Predominant applications ........................................................................ 46
Brushless DC machine (BLDC) ................................................................... 47
Motor characteristics and motor control .................................................... 48
Strengths and weaknesses ..................................................................... 50
Predominant applications ........................................................................ 51
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) ............................................................... 52
Motor Handbook 4
Motor structure and functional description ................................................ 52
Motor characteristics and motor control .................................................... 54
Rotor position ....................................................................................... 57
Current hysteresis control ....................................................................... 58
Notable features and ratings ................................................................... 61
Strengths and weaknesses ..................................................................... 61
Predominant applications ........................................................................ 61
Stepper motor ......................................................................................... 62
Motor structure and functional description ................................................ 62
Motor characteristics and motor control .................................................... 69
Notable features and ratings ................................................................... 72
Strengths and weaknesses ..................................................................... 72
Predominant applications ........................................................................ 72
Lexicon ................................................................................................... 73
Basic principles of electric machines ......................................................... 73
Position sensors in electric machines ........................................................ 80
Vector control ....................................................................................... 84
Losses in electric machines ..................................................................... 91
Efficiencies of electric machines ............................................................... 94
Temperature classes of winding insulation ................................................ 98
Cooling of electric machines .................................................................... 99
List of abbreviations ................................................................................100
List of figures ..........................................................................................101
List of tables ...........................................................................................104
References .............................................................................................105
Motor Handbook 5
Introduction
This “handbook of electric machines” gives a high-level orientation regarding the
different kind of motors / generators, incl. their
- Structures and functionalities
- Characteristics and controls
- Notable features and ratings
- Strengths and weaknesses
- Predominant applications
The operation principles and characteristics of the different types of electric
machines are explained using brief machine descriptions, diagrams, tables etc. In
contrast to other documentations on electric machines complex mathematical
descriptions are avoided wherever possible.
The handbook approaches the machine description from the perspective of a
machine user (e.g. developers of electrical drive systems). Qualitative statements
are avoided explicitly since the performance of an electric motor depends strongly
on the respective application purpose, electromagnetic design and control setups.
Hints to internal structures and architectural details have been limited as far as
they are not required for the general description of machines and their operations.
This handbook focuses mostly on the motoring operation of an electric machine.
However, all types of the machines in this handbook can also be operated as
generators.
The handbook follows a consistent structure. Each section uses the same
documentation template, which enables the reader to quickly access the electric-
machine related information one might be interested in. Control algorithms are
explained in combination with the machine type they apply to. Common basics for
electric machines, specific in background information are gathered in the chapter
“Lexicon”.
The following handbook has been developed in close collaboration with
Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen
University/Germany.
The content of this handbook is based on data originating from
- Lecture notes from ISEA
- Technical books of electric machines
- Freely accessible internet resources
For quick orientation Table 1 gives a brief comparison between the different
machine types. The statements refer to a typical design from each type. The
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