研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译.pdf

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东北大学学术综合英语1-6课文及翻译：1.Presenting a speech ；Unit 2 Energy in Transition ；Do Traffic Tickets Save Lives；His Politeness Is Her Powerlessness ；The Long War Against Corruption ；From Kaifeng to New York － Glory Is as Ephemeral as

Presenting a speech

（做演讲）

Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through

在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言

language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit

来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，

knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.

传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to

popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but

also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].

和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在

具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools

of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession.

As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use

language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.

好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲

的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为

演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、

适当。

Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a

accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure,

look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself

constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words

that are precise and accurate.

演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。

如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底

要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。

Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can

ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and

require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to

more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter].

用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽

量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词

汇；还有要减少口误。

Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your

speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop

imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit

comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in

common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit

comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does

not contain the words “like” or “as”.

生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲

达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。

明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句

中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现 like 和 as 这些

连接词。

Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language.

Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis.

Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or

sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or

end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial

constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of

contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

我们还可以充分利用语言的节奏感使演讲更加生动活泼。具体有以下四种方式—

—排比，反复，押头韵和对偶。排比是指把一组或一系列相关的字词句以相似结

构排列起来。反复是指在连续几个从句或句子的开头或结尾处使用相同的词和词

组。押头韵则是通过重复相邻之间单词首个辅音实现的。对偶通常是用平行的结

构将相反的想法并列在一起。

Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience,

and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying

to copy someone else’s. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is

much more likely to succeed.

用语恰当意味着遣词造句要与特定的场合，观众以及谈论的话题相适应。这也意

味着你得建立自己的语言风格，不能简单抄袭他人。如果使用的语言与各方面都

很契合，那么演讲就更有可能取得成功。

Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need

strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view.In fact, the skillful

use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a

poor one.The three basic types of supporting materials are examples,statistics and

testimony.

好的演讲不能是空话连篇，也不能是一些毫无根据的论断；而是需要有力的论据

来支持演讲者的观点。事实上，能否有技巧地使用论据会造成演讲效果的天壤之

别。论据有以下三种基本形式：例子，统计资料，引用。

In the course of a speech you may use brief examples—specific instances referred to

in passing—and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to

create a stronger impression. Extended examples—often called illustrations,

narrations, or anecdotes—are longer and more detailed.Hypothetical examples

describe imagery situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the

audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to

personalize ideas. To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly

textured.

在演讲时可以简单举例——即附带地提及几个具体的例子——有时也需要接二

连三举例来加深印象。延伸举例——也叫解释、叙述或轶事——更长更详尽。假

设举例描述的是想象的情景，能够很好地把想法传达给观众。这三种不同的例子

都有助于演讲者清晰地表达观点，强调观点并使之打上演讲者的烙印。当然，要

想演讲效果更好，演讲本身必须生动且结构丰富！

Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, [as long as you use

them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience.] Above all,

you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be

manipulated and distorted. Make sure {that your figures are representative of {what

they claim to measure},that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take

statistics only from reliable sources.}

统计资料非常有助于演讲者传递信息，因为当演讲者适量地运用这些资料并加以

解释时，听众就能更好地理解其中的意义。最重要的是，演讲者必须理解这些统

计资料并恰当使用。数字很容易被篡改、误报，因此必须确保自己所使用的数据

不是张冠李戴的；必须确保自己使用的统计措施是正确的；必须确保自己的统计

资料来源是可靠的。

Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom

recognized as expects on their speech topics. Citing the views of people（ who are

experts） is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include

testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their

words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony.Be sure to quote or

paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not

generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.

引用他人观点看法对学生演讲者来说尤其有用，因为学生很少会被视为他们演讲

相关主题方面的专家。引用专家的观点可以让你的想法更可信。引用的时候，既

可以逐字摘抄也可以自己总结一下。和统计资料一样，引用也有原则可循——引

用摘抄准确，来源合格无偏见。如果观众对引用来源不太熟悉，一定要（想办法）

取得他们的信任。

The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You

cannot make a speech without having something to say. But having something to say

is not enough.You must also know how to say it.Good delivery does not call attention

to itself.It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and [without distracting

the audience].

演讲的效果如何很大程度上取决于演讲是怎么做的。无话可说做不好演讲，但要

做好演讲，仅仅有话可说也是远远不够的，还要知道如何说话才行。好的演讲不

是要唤起观众对演讲本身的注意，而是要向观众清晰有趣地传递演讲者的想法，

同时还要有观众聚精会神地聆听。

There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a

manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking

extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these—speaking extemporaneously—is

the method (you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches

Unit 2 Energy in Transition

能源转型

The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end. A

transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.

能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污

染较小的资源转变。

John P. Holdren

Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between

energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by

providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a

necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy － including

not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also

environmental and sociopolitical impacts － detract from well-being.

１．要了解这一转变，首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。能源为人

类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务的同时，也为经济生产活动提供必要投入，

从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。然而，人类为利用能源所付

出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所

投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政

治影响。

For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the

benefit side of the energy － well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or

(more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and

distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence

inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a

turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs － and of

relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status － energy

was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be plausible that

excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It

also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could

create costs exceeding the benefits.

２．人类历史发展长河中，人们主要关心的是能源和人类安康等式中有利的一面。

能源资源不足或者（更经常）开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术和机构的不足，

会影响能源为人类带来的利益，对人类也就意味着不方便、损失以及对增长的各

种限制。到了 20 世纪 70 年代，出现了一个转折点。此前的几十年中，能源的资

金成本一直保持稳定，甚至有所下降，而且，其所牵扯的环境成本和社会政治成

本一直处于次要地位。但是 20 世纪 70 年代开始，开发和利用能源的多方成本均

显著增长。人们自然有理由认为：高昂的能源成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不

足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时，也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需

付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。

The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990’s is whether the trend that began in

the 1970’s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really

over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing

geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of

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