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基本微分方程(William F. Trench)Elementary Differential Equations (Will...
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ELEMENTARY DIFFEREN TIAL
EQUATIONS
Wi l l i am F. Trench
Andrew G. Cowles Distingu ished Professor Emeritus
Department of Mathematics
Trinity Uni v ersity
San Antonio, Texas, U SA
wtrench@trinity.edu
This bo ok has been judged to meet the evaluation criteria set by the Edi-
torial Board of the American Institut e of Mathematics in connectio n with
the Institute’s Open Textbook Initiative. It may b e copied, modified, re-
distributed, translat ed, and built upon subject to the Creative Commons
Attributi on-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
FREE DOWNLOAD: STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Free Edition 1.01 (December 2013)
This book was published previously by Brooks/ Cole Thomson Learning, 2001. This free edition i s made
availabl e in the hope that it will be useful as a textbook or reference. Reproduct ion is permitted for
any valid noncommercial educational, mathematical, or scientific purpose. However, charges f or profit
beyond reasonable printing costs are prohibited.

TO BEVERLY

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Applications Leading to Differential Equations
1.2 First Order Equations 5
1.3 Direction Fields for First Order Equations 16
Chapter 2 First Order Equations 30
2.1 Linear First Order Equations 30
2.2 Separable Equations 45
2.3 Existence and Uniqueness of Solut ions of Nonlinear Equations 55
2.4 Transformation of Nonlinear Equations into Separable Equations 63
2.5 Exact Equations 73
2.6 Integrating Factors 83
Chapter 3 Numerical Methods
3.1 Euler’s Method 96
3.2 The Improved Euler Method and Related Methods 109
3.3 The Runge-Kutta Method 119
Chapter 4 Applications of First Order Equations1em 130
4.1 Growth and Decay 130
4.2 Cooling and Mixing 140
4.3 Elementary Mechanics 151
4.4 Autonomous Second Order Equations 162
4.5 Applications to Curves 179
Chapter 5 Linear Second Order Equations
5.1 Homogeneous Linear Equati ons 194
5.2 Constant Coefficient Homogeneous Equations 210
5.3 Nonhomgeneous Linear Equations 221
5.4 The Method of Undetermined Coefficients I 229
iv

5.5 The Method of Undetermined Coefficients II 238
5.6 Reduction of Order 248
5.7 Variation of Parameters 255
Chapter 6 Applcations of Linear Second Order Equations 268
6.1 Spring Problems I 268
6.2 Spring Problems II 279
6.3 The RLC Circuit 291
6.4 Motion Under a Central Force 297
Chapter 7 Series Sol utions of Linear Second Order Equations
7.1 Review of Power Series 307
7.2 Series Solutions Near an Ordinary Point I 320
7.3 Series Solutions Near an Ordinary Point II 335
7.4 Regular Singular Points Euler Equations 343
7.5 The Method of Frobenius I 348
7.6 The Method of Frobenius II 365
7.7 The Method of Frobenius III 379
Chapter 8 Laplace Transforms
8.1 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 394
8.2 The Inverse Laplace Transform 406
8.3 So lution of Initial Va lue Problems 414
8.4 The Unit Step Function 421
8.5 Constant Coefficient Equations with Piecewise Continuous Forcing
Functions 431
8.6 Convolution 441
8.7 Constant Cofficient Equations with Impulses 453
8.8 A B ri ef Tabl e of Laplace Transforms
Chapter 9 Linear Higher Order Equations
9.1 Introduction to Linear Hig her Order Equations 466
9.2 Hi gher Order Constant Coefficient Homogeneous Equations 476
9.3 Undetermined Co efficients for Higher Order Equations 488
9.4 Variation of Parameters for Higher Order Equations 498
Chapter 10 Linear Systems of Differential E quations
10.1 Introduction to Systems of Dif ferentia l Equations 508
10.2 Linear Systems of Differential Equations 516
10.3 Basic Theory of Homogeneous Linear Systems 522
10.4 Constant Co efficient Homog eneous Systems I 530
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