OAuth2授权框架RFC6749：标准与应用详解

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OAuth2标准文档（RFC6749），由Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 的 David Hardt 主编，于2012年10月发布，是互联网标准化跟踪文档。该文档旨在取代和废弃RFC5849中描述的OAuth 1.0协议，为第三方应用程序提供了一种更为灵活和安全的方法来获取对HTTP服务的有限访问权限。 OAuth 2.0授权框架的核心理念是实现第三方应用与资源所有者之间的安全交互，这种交互可能涉及用户授权流程，即通过引导用户在第三方应用和HTTP服务之间进行批准，或者允许应用代表资源所有者自行获取访问权。这个协议的设计着重于以下几个关键点： 1. **授权流程**：OAuth 2.0采用两种主要的授权模式：资源所有者认证（Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant）、授权码（Authorization Code Grant）、客户端凭据（Client Credentials Grant）等，每种模式都针对不同的应用场景设计，确保了不同场景下的用户授权过程安全可靠。 2. **安全考虑**：相较于OAuth 1.0，OAuth 2.0加强了对令牌（Token）的管理和使用，包括Access Token、Refresh Token以及短命令牌的概念，提高了系统的安全性。此外，它采用了HTTPS等加密协议，保护通信过程中的数据安全。 3. **授权范围**：OAuth 2.0允许第三方应用仅获得必要的权限，避免了过度授权的风险，提高了用户体验和数据隐私保护。 4. **可扩展性**：OAuth 2.0设计时考虑了未来可能的发展，如支持多租户环境、动态权限更新等，以适应不断变化的互联网需求。 5. **标准化进程**：作为互联网工程任务组的标准文档，RFC6749遵循严格的标准化流程，经过了公开评审和互联网工程指导组（IESG）的批准，确保了其技术的成熟度和互操作性。 OAuth 2.0标准文档RFC6749为现代Web应用程序间的安全授权提供了基石，通过简化和增强授权流程，促进了API安全和开放平台的蓬勃发展。理解并遵循这一标准对于开发者在构建安全的第三方应用和与API服务集成时至关重要。任何希望通过API共享数据或功能的开发者都应该熟悉并遵循OAuth 2.0的最佳实践。

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RFC 6749

OAuth 2.0 October 2012

these components, clients must be manually and specifically

configured against a specific authorization server and resource

server in order to interoperate.

This framework was designed with the clear expectation that future

work will define prescriptive profiles and extensions necessary to

achieve full web-scale interoperability.

1.9. Notational Conventions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",

"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this

specification are to be interpreted as described in [

RFC2119].

This specification uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF)

notation of [

RFC5234]. Additionally, the rule URI-reference is

included from "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax"

[

RFC3986].

Certain security-related terms are to be understood in the sense

defined in [

RFC4949]. These terms include, but are not limited to,

"attack", "authentication", "authorization", "certificate",

"confidentiality", "credential", "encryption", "identity", "sign",

"signature", "trust", "validate", and "verify".

Unless otherwise noted, all the protocol parameter names and values

are case sensitive.

2. Client Registration

Before initiating the protocol, the client registers with the

authorization server. The means through which the client registers

with the authorization server are beyond the scope of this

specification but typically involve end-user interaction with an HTML

registration form.

Client registration does not require a direct interaction between the

client and the authorization server. When supported by the

authorization server, registration can rely on other means for

establishing trust and obtaining the required client properties

(e.g., redirection URI, client type). For example, registration can

be accomplished using a self-issued or third-party-issued assertion,

or by the authorization server performing client discovery using a

trusted channel.

Hardt Standards Track [Page 13]

RFC 6749

OAuth 2.0 October 2012

When registering a client, the client developer SHALL:

o specify the client type as described in Section 2.1,

o provide its client redirection URIs as described in

Section 3.1.2,

and

o include any other information required by the authorization server

(e.g., application name, website, description, logo image, the

acceptance of legal terms).

2.1. Client Types

OAuth defines two client types, based on their ability to

authenticate securely with the authorization server (i.e., ability to

maintain the confidentiality of their client credentials):

confidential

Clients capable of maintaining the confidentiality of their

credentials (e.g., client implemented on a secure server with

restricted access to the client credentials), or capable of secure

client authentication using other means.

public

Clients incapable of maintaining the confidentiality of their

credentials (e.g., clients executing on the device used by the

resource owner, such as an installed native application or a web

browser-based application), and incapable of secure client

authentication via any other means.

The client type designation is based on the authorization server’s

definition of secure authentication and its acceptable exposure

levels of client credentials. The authorization server SHOULD NOT

make assumptions about the client type.

A client may be implemented as a distributed set of components, each

with a different client type and security context (e.g., a

distributed client with both a confidential server-based component

and a public browser-based component). If the authorization server

does not provide support for such clients or does not provide

guidance with regard to their registration, the client SHOULD

Hardt Standards Track [Page 14]

RFC 6749

OAuth 2.0 October 2012

This specification has been designed around the following client

profiles:

web application

A web application is a confidential client running on a web

server. Resource owners access the client via an HTML user

interface rendered in a user-agent on the device used by the

resource owner. The client credentials as well as any access

token issued to the client are stored on the web server and are

not exposed to or accessible by the resource owner.

user-agent-based application

A user-agent-based application is a public client in which the

client code is downloaded from a web server and executes within a

user-agent (e.g., web browser) on the device used by the resource

owner. Protocol data and credentials are easily accessible (and

often visible) to the resource owner. Since such applications

reside within the user-agent, they can make seamless use of the

user-agent capabilities when requesting authorization.

native application

A native application is a public client installed and executed on

the device used by the resource owner. Protocol data and

credentials are accessible to the resource owner. It is assumed

that any client authentication credentials included in the

application can be extracted. On the other hand, dynamically

issued credentials such as access tokens or refresh tokens can

receive an acceptable level of protection. At a minimum, these

credentials are protected from hostile servers with which the

application may interact. On some platforms, these credentials

might be protected from other applications residing on the same

device.

2.2. Client Identifier

The authorization server issues the registered client a client

identifier -- a unique string representing the registration

information provided by the client. The client identifier is not a

secret; it is exposed to the resource owner and MUST NOT be used

alone for client authentication. The client identifier is unique to

the authorization server.

The client identifier string size is left undefined by this

specification. The client should avoid making assumptions about the

identifier size. The authorization server SHOULD document the size

of any identifier it issues.

Hardt Standards Track [Page 15]

RFC 6749

OAuth 2.0 October 2012

2.3. Client Authentication

If the client type is confidential, the client and authorization

server establish a client authentication method suitable for the

security requirements of the authorization server. The authorization

server MAY accept any form of client authentication meeting its

security requirements.

Confidential clients are typically issued (or establish) a set of

client credentials used for authenticating with the authorization

server (e.g., password, public/private key pair).

The authorization server MAY establish a client authentication method

with public clients. However, the authorization server MUST NOT rely

on public client authentication for the purpose of identifying the

client.

The client MUST NOT use more than one authentication method in each

request.

2.3.1. Client Password

Clients in possession of a client password MAY use the HTTP Basic

authentication scheme as defined in [

RFC2617] to authenticate with

the authorization server. The client identifier is encoded using the

"application/x-www-form-urlencoded" encoding algorithm per

Appendix B, and the encoded value is used as the username; the client

password is encoded using the same algorithm and used as the

password. The authorization server MUST support the HTTP Basic

authentication scheme for authenticating clients that were issued a

client password.

For example (with extra line breaks for display purposes only):

Authorization: Basic czZCaGRSa3F0Mzo3RmpmcDBaQnIxS3REUmJuZlZkbUl3

Alternatively, the authorization server MAY support including the

client credentials in the request-body using the following

parameters:

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier issued to the client during

the registration process described by

Section 2.2.

client_secret

REQUIRED. The client secret. The client MAY omit the

parameter if the client secret is an empty string.

Hardt Standards Track [Page 16]

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OAuth2授权框架RFC6749：标准与应用详解

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