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RFID Handbook
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RFID
Handbook
Second Edition
RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification,
Second Edition
Klaus Finkenzeller
Copyright
2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISBN: 0-470-84402-7

RFID
Handbook
Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart
Cards and Identification
Second Edition
Klaus Finkenzeller
Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany
Translated by
Rachel Waddington
Member of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting

First published under the title RFID-Handbuch, 2 Auflage by Carl Hanser Verlag
Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG, 1999 All rights reserved
Authorized translation from the 2nd edition in the original German language
published by Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG
Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
Telephone (+44) 1243 779777
Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or
otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP,
UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to
the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West
Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject
matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent
professional should be sought.
Other Wiley Editorial Offices
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Finkenzeller, Klaus.
[RFID Handbuch. English]
RFID handbook : fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and
identifcation/Klaus Finkenzeller; translated by Rachel Waddington. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-470-84402-7 (alk. paper)
1. Inventory control — Automation. 2. Radio frequency identification systems. 3. Smart.
cards. I. Title.
TS160.F5513 2003
658.7
87 — dc21
2002192439
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-470-84402-7
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

Contents
PREFACE xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Automatic Identification Systems 2
1.1.1 Barcode systems 2
1.1.2 Optical character recognition 3
1.1.3 Biometric procedures 4
1.1.3.1 Voice identification 4
1.1.3.2 Fingerprinting procedures (dactyloscopy) 4
1.1.4 Smart cards 5
1.1.4.1 Memory cards 5
1.1.4.2 Microprocessor cards 6
1.1.5 RFID systems 6
1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems 7
1.3 Components of an RFID System 7
2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems 11
2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features 11
2.2 Transponder Construction Formats 13
2.2.1 Disks and coins 13
2.2.2 Glass housing 14
2.2.3 Plastic housing 14
2.2.4 Tool and gas bottle identification 15
2.2.5 Keys and key fobs 17
2.2.6 Clocks 18
2.2.7 ID-1 format, contactless smart cards 18
2.2.8 Smart label 19
2.2.9 Coil-on-chip 20
2.2.10 Other formats 21
2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling 22
2.4 Information Processing in the Transponder 23
2.4.1 Low-end systems 23
2.4.2 Mid-range systems 24
2.4.3 High-end systems 25
2.5 Selection Criteria for RFID Systems 25
2.5.1 Operating frequency 26
2.5.2 Range 26

vi CONTENTS
2.5.3 Security requirements 27
2.5.4 Memory capacity 28
3 Fundamental Operating Principles 29
3.1 1-Bit Transponder 29
3.1.1 Radio frequency 30
3.1.2 Microwaves 33
3.1.3 Frequency divider 35
3.1.4 Electromagnetic types 36
3.1.5 Acoustomagnetic 37
3.2 Full and Half Duplex Procedure 40
3.2.1 Inductive coupling 41
3.2.1.1 Power supply to passive transponders 41
3.2.1.2 Data transfer transponder → reader 42
3.2.2 Electromagnetic backscatter coupling 47
3.2.2.1 Power supply to the transponder 47
3.2.2.2 Data transmission → reader 49
3.2.3 Close coupling 49
3.2.3.1 Power supply to the transponder 49
3.2.3.2 Data transfer transponder → reader 50
3.2.4 Electrical coupling 51
3.2.4.1 Power supply of passive transponders 51
3.2.4.2 Data transfer transponder → reader 53
3.2.5 Data transfer reader → transponder 53
3.3 Sequential Procedures 54
3.3.1 Inductive coupling 54
3.3.1.1 Power supply to the transponder 54
3.3.1.2 A comparison between FDX/HDX and SEQ systems 54
3.3.1.3 Data transmission transponder → reader 56
3.3.2 Surface acoustic wave transponder 57
4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems 61
4.1 Magnetic Field 61
4.1.1 Magnetic field strength H 61
4.1.1.1 Path of field strength H(x) in conductor loops 62
4.1.1.2 Optimal antenna diameter 65
4.1.2 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density 66
4.1.3 Inductance L 67
4.1.3.1 Inductance of a conductor loop 68
4.1.4 Mutual inductance M 68
4.1.5 Coupling coefficient k 70
4.1.6 Faraday’s law 71
4.1.7 Resonance 73
4.1.8 Practical operation of the transponder 78
4.1.8.1 Power supply to the transponder 78
4.1.8.2 Voltage regulation 78
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