精通Python Flask框架：构建社交博客应用

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"Flask Web Development.pdf 最新原版" 本书《Flask Web Development》由Miguel Grinberg撰写，旨在帮助有Python经验的开发者深入理解并充分利用Flask这一基于Python的微型Web框架。书中通过构建一个完整的社交博客应用，详细介绍了Flask的核心功能以及如何利用高级Web技术扩展应用程序，如数据库迁移和Web服务通信。在书中，作者首先介绍了Flask的基本应用结构，并通过编写示例应用帮助读者上手。接着，探讨了构建Web应用不可或缺的组件： 1. **模板（Templates）**：学习如何使用模板语言来创建动态网页，使内容与布局分离，提高代码的可重用性。 2. **数据库（Databases）**：介绍如何集成数据库，如SQLite或MySQL，管理数据模型，以及执行CRUD操作。 3. **Web表单（Web Forms）**：讲解如何处理用户提交的表单数据，包括验证和安全处理。 4. **邮件支持（Email Support）**：学习如何向用户发送电子邮件，例如注册确认、密码重置等。接下来，书中涵盖了构建大型应用所需的知识： 1. **包和模块（Packages and Modules）**：如何组织代码结构，使应用可扩展且易于维护。 2. **用户认证（User Authentication）**：实现用户登录、注册，以及使用session和cookies进行会话管理。 3. **角色和用户资料（Roles and Profiles）**：添加权限控制，创建不同级别的用户角色，以及允许用户编辑个人资料。此外，书中还涉及了更复杂的功能： 1. **博客功能（Blogging Feature）**：通过复用模板、分页显示列表和处理富文本，创建一个功能完善的博客系统。 2. **RESTful API**：利用Flask构建RESTful API，使得应用的功能可以被智能手机、平板电脑和其他第三方客户端访问。 3. **单元测试（Unit Testing）**：介绍如何编写和运行单元测试，确保代码质量。 4. **性能优化（Performance Enhancements）**：讨论如何提升应用的运行效率，如缓存策略和优化数据库查询。 5. **部署（Deployment）**：讲解如何将Web应用部署到生产服务器，包括云服务提供商的选择和配置。这本书不仅适合初学者，也适合有一定基础的开发者，它提供了一条全面掌握Flask及其扩展技术的路径，让读者能够充分利用Flask的灵活性和创意自由来开发Web应用。

The git clone command installs the source code from GitHub into a flasky folder that

is created in the current directory. This folder does not contain just source code; a copy

of the Git repository with the entire history of changes made to the application is also

included.

In the first chapter you will be asked to check out the initial release of the application,

and then, at the proper places you will be instructed to move forward in the history.

The Git command that lets you move through the change history is git checkout. Here

is an example:

$ git checkout 1a

The 1a referenced in the command is a tag, a named point in the history of the project.

This repository is tagged according to the chapters of the book, so the 1a tag used in

the example sets the application files to the initial version used in Chapter 1. Most

chapters have more than one tag associated with them, so, for example, tags 5a, 5b, and

so on are incremental versions presented in Chapter 5.

In addition to checking out the source files for a version of the application, you may

need to perform some setup. For example, in some cases you will need to install addi‐

tional Python packages or apply updates to the database. You will be told when these

are necessary.

You will normally not modify the source files of the application, but if you do, then Git

will not let you check out a different revision, as that would cause your local changes to

be lost. Before you can check out a different revision, you will need to revert the files to

their original state. The easiest way to do this is with the git reset command:

$ git reset --hard

This command will destroy your local changes, so you should save anything you don’t

want to lose before you use this command.

From time to time, you may want to refresh your local repository from the one on

GitHub, where bug fixes and improvements may have been applied. The commands

that achieve this are:

$ git fetch --all

$ git fetch --tags

$ git reset --hard origin/master

The git fetch commands are used to update the commit history and the tags in your

local repository from the remote one on GitHub, but none of this affects the actual

source files, which are updated with the git reset command that follows. Once again,

be aware that any time git reset is used you will lose any local changes you have made.

Another useful operation is to view all the differences between two versions of the

application. This can be very useful to understand a change in detail. From the command

xiv | Preface

line, the git diff command can do this. For example, to see the difference between

revisions 2a and 2b, use:

$ git diff 2a 2b

The differences are shown as a patch, which is not a very intuitive format to review

changes if you are not used to working with patch files. You may find that the graphical

comparisons shown by GitHub are much easier to read. For example, the differences

between revisions 2a and 2b can be viewed on GitHub at https://github.com/miguelgrin

berg/flasky/compare/2a...2b

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered

with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not need

to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code.

For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does

not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly

books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting

example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of ex‐

ample code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Flask Web Development by Miguel Grinberg

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.

Constant width

Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements

such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables,

statements, and keywords.

Constant width bold

Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.

Preface | xv

How to Contact Us

Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

O’Reilly Media, Inc.

1005 Gravenstein Highway North

Sebastopol, CA 95472

800-998-9938 (in the United States or Canada)

707-829-0515 (international or local)

707-829-0104 (fax)

We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional

information. You can access this page at http://www.bit.ly/flask-web-dev.

To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to bookques

tions@oreilly.com.

For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our website

at http://www.oreilly.com.

Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly

Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia

Acknowledgments

I could not have written this book alone. I have received a lot of help from family, co-

workers, old friends, and new friends I’ve made along the way.

I’d like to thank Brendan Kohler for his detailed technical review and for his help in

giving shape to the chapter on Application Programming Interfaces. I’m also in debt to

David Baumgold, Todd Brunhoff, Cecil Rock, and Matthew Hugues, who reviewed the

manuscript at different stages of completion and gave me very useful advice regarding

what to cover and how to organize the material.

Writing the code examples for this book was a considerable effort. I appreciate the help

of Daniel Hofmann, who did a thorough code review of the application and pointed out

several improvements. I’m also thankful to my teenage son, Dylan Grinberg, who sus‐

pended his Minecraft addiction for a few weekends and helped me test the code under

several platforms.

O’Reilly has a wonderful program called Early Release that allows impatient readers to

have access to books while they are being written. Some of my Early Release readers

went the extra mile and engaged in useful conversations regarding their experience

working through the book, leading to significant improvements. I’d like to acknowledge

Preface | xvii

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