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Addison Wesley : UNIX

Network Programming

Volume 1, Third Edition: The

Sockets Networking API

Addison Wesley : UNIX Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API

Table Of Contents

1. Main Page ...................................................................................................................................... 12

2. Table of content ............................................................................................................................. 13

3. Copyright ....................................................................................................................................... 23

4. Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series ............................................................................ 25

5. Foreword........................................................................................................................................ 27

6. Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 28

6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 28

6.2 Changes from the Second Edition ........................................................................................ 29

6.3 Using This Book .................................................................................................................... 30

6.4 Source Code and Errata Availability ..................................................................................... 30

6.5 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 31

7. Part 1: Introduction and TCP/IP ..................................................................................................... 32

7.1 Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 32

7.1.1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 33

7.1.2 1.2 A Simple Daytime Client ..................................................................................... 36

7.1.3 1.3 Protocol Independence ....................................................................................... 41

7.1.4 1.4 Error Handling: Wrapper Functions .................................................................... 42

7.1.5 1.5 A Simple Daytime Server .................................................................................... 45

7.1.6 1.6 Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text ................................................. 49

7.1.7 1.7 OSI Model ........................................................................................................... 51

7.1.8 1.8 BSD Networking History ...................................................................................... 52

7.1.9 1.9 Test Networks and Hosts ..................................................................................... 54

7.1.10 1.10 Unix Standards ................................................................................................ 60

7.1.11 1.11 64-Bit Architectures ........................................................................................ 63

7.1.12 1.12 Summary ......................................................................................................... 64

7.1.13 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 65

7.2 Chapter 2. The Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP ........................................................... 66

7.2.1 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 66

7.2.2 2.2 The Big Picture .................................................................................................... 67

7.2.3 2.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ........................................................................... 70

7.2.4 2.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ................................................................... 71

7.2.5 2.5 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) .................................................... 72

7.2.6 2.6 TCP Connection Establishment and Termination ................................................ 73

7.2.7 2.7 TIME_WAIT State ................................................................................................ 80

7.2.8 2.8 SCTP Association Establishment and Termination .............................................. 82

7.2.9 2.9 Port Numbers ...................................................................................................... 87

7.2.10 2.10 TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers .................................................... 90

7.2.11 2.11 Buffer Sizes and Limitations ............................................................................ 92

7.2.12 2.12 Standard Internet Services .............................................................................. 99

7.2.13 2.13 Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications ....................................... 100

Addison Wesley : UNIX Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API

7.2.14 2.14 Summary ....................................................................................................... 101

7.2.15 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 102

8. Part 2: Elementary Sockets .......................................................................................................... 103

8.1 Chapter 3. Sockets Introduction ........................................................................................ 103

8.1.1 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 104

8.1.2 3.2 Socket Address Structures ................................................................................ 104

8.1.3 3.3 Value-Result Arguments .................................................................................... 112

8.1.4 3.4 Byte Ordering Functions ................................................................................... 115

8.1.5 3.5 Byte Manipulation Functions ............................................................................ 119

8.1.6 3.6 'inet_aton', 'inet_addr', and 'inet_ntoa' Functions ........................................... 121

8.1.7 3.7 'inet_pton' and 'inet_ntop' Functions............................................................... 122

8.1.8 3.8 'sock_ntop' and Related Functions ................................................................... 125

8.1.9 3.9 'readn', 'writen', and 'readline' Functions......................................................... 128

8.1.10 3.10 Summary ....................................................................................................... 134

8.1.11 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 135

8.2 Chapter 4. Elementary TCP Sockets ................................................................................... 135

8.2.1 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 136

8.2.2 4.2 'socket' Function ............................................................................................... 137

8.2.3 4.3 'connect' Function ............................................................................................ 140

8.2.4 4.4 'bind' Function .................................................................................................. 143

8.2.5 4.5 'listen' Function ................................................................................................. 146

8.2.6 4.6 'accept' Function ............................................................................................... 152

8.2.7 4.7 'fork' and 'exec' Functions................................................................................. 156

8.2.8 4.8 Concurrent Servers ........................................................................................... 158

8.2.9 4.9 'close' Function ................................................................................................. 161

8.2.10 4.10 'getsockname' and 'getpeername' Functions ............................................... 162

8.2.11 4.11 Summary ....................................................................................................... 165

8.2.12 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 165

8.3 Chapter 5. TCP Client/Server Example ............................................................................... 166

8.3.1 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 167

8.3.2 5.2 TCP Echo Server: 'main' Function ..................................................................... 168

8.3.3 5.3 TCP Echo Server: 'str_echo' Function ............................................................... 170

8.3.4 5.4 TCP Echo Client: 'main' Function ...................................................................... 170

8.3.5 5.5 TCP Echo Client: 'str_cli' Function ..................................................................... 171

8.3.6 5.6 Normal Startup ................................................................................................. 172

8.3.7 5.7 Normal Termination .......................................................................................... 175

8.3.8 5.8 POSIX Signal Handling ....................................................................................... 177

8.3.9 5.9 Handling 'SIGCHLD' Signals ............................................................................... 181

8.3.10 5.10 'wait' and 'waitpid' Functions ....................................................................... 184

8.3.11 5.11 Connection Abort before 'accept' Returns ................................................... 190

8.3.12 5.12 Termination of Server Process ...................................................................... 191

8.3.13 5.13 'SIGPIPE' Signal.............................................................................................. 193

8.3.14 5.14 Crashing of Server Host................................................................................. 195

8.3.15 5.15 Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host ........................................................ 196

Addison Wesley : UNIX Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API

8.3.16 5.16 Shutdown of Server Host .............................................................................. 197

8.3.17 5.17 Summary of TCP Example ............................................................................. 197

8.3.18 5.18 Data Format .................................................................................................. 199

8.3.19 5.19 Summary ....................................................................................................... 203

8.3.20 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 204

8.4 Chapter 6. I/O Multiplexing: The 'select' and 'poll' Functions ........................................... 205

8.4.1 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 206

8.4.2 6.2 I/O Models ........................................................................................................ 207

8.4.3 6.3 'select' Function ................................................................................................ 213

8.4.4 6.4 'str_cli' Function (Revisited) .............................................................................. 220

8.4.5 6.5 Batch Input and Buffering ................................................................................. 223

8.4.6 6.6 'shutdown' Function ......................................................................................... 226

8.4.7 6.7 'str_cli' Function (Revisited Again) .................................................................... 228

8.4.8 6.8 TCP Echo Server (Revisited) .............................................................................. 230

8.4.9 6.9 'pselect' Function .............................................................................................. 236

8.4.10 6.10 'poll' Function ............................................................................................... 238

8.4.11 6.11 TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again) ................................................................ 241

8.4.12 6.12 Summary ....................................................................................................... 244

8.4.13 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 245

8.5 Chapter 7. Socket Options ................................................................................................. 246

8.5.1 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 246

8.5.2 7.2 'getsockopt' and 'setsockopt' Functions ........................................................... 247

8.5.3 7.3 Checking if an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default ........................ 249

8.5.4 7.4 Socket States ..................................................................................................... 254

8.5.5 7.5 Generic Socket Options ..................................................................................... 255

8.5.6 7.6 IPv4 Socket Options .......................................................................................... 271

8.5.7 7.7 ICMPv6 Socket Option ...................................................................................... 273

8.5.8 7.8 IPv6 Socket Options .......................................................................................... 273

8.5.9 7.9 TCP Socket Options ........................................................................................... 276

8.5.10 7.10 SCTP Socket Options ..................................................................................... 279

8.5.11 7.11 'fcntl' Function .............................................................................................. 292

8.5.12 7.12 Summary ....................................................................................................... 295

8.5.13 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 296

8.6 Chapter 8. Elementary UDP Sockets .................................................................................. 298

8.6.1 8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 299

8.6.2 8.2 'recvfrom' and 'sendto' Functions .................................................................... 300

8.6.3 8.3 UDP Echo Server: 'main' Function .................................................................... 301

8.6.4 8.4 UDP Echo Server: 'dg_echo' Function ............................................................... 302

8.6.5 8.5 UDP Echo Client: 'main' Function ..................................................................... 304

8.6.6 8.6 UDP Echo Client: 'dg_cli' Function .................................................................... 305

8.6.7 8.7 Lost Datagrams ................................................................................................. 306

8.6.8 8.8 Verifying Received Response ............................................................................ 307

8.6.9 8.9 Server Not Running ........................................................................................... 310

8.6.10 8.10 Summary of UDP Example ............................................................................ 312

Addison Wesley : UNIX Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API

8.6.11 8.11 'connect' Function with UDP ........................................................................ 314

8.6.12 8.12 'dg_cli' Function (Revisited) .......................................................................... 318

8.6.13 8.13 Lack of Flow Control with UDP ..................................................................... 320

8.6.14 8.14 Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP ................................................... 324

8.6.15 8.15 TCP and UDP Echo Server Using 'select' ....................................................... 326

8.6.16 8.16 Summary ....................................................................................................... 329

8.6.17 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 329

8.7 Chapter 9. Elementary SCTP Sockets ................................................................................. 330

8.7.1 9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 331

8.7.2 9.2 Interface Models ............................................................................................... 332

8.7.3 9.3 'sctp_bindx' Function ........................................................................................ 337

8.7.4 9.4 'sctp_connectx' Function .................................................................................. 338

8.7.5 9.5 'sctp_getpaddrs' Function ................................................................................. 339

8.7.6 9.6 'sctp_freepaddrs' Function ............................................................................... 339

8.7.7 9.7 'sctp_getladdrs' Function .................................................................................. 340

8.7.8 9.8 'sctp_freeladdrs' Function ................................................................................ 340

8.7.9 9.9 'sctp_sendmsg' Function .................................................................................. 341

8.7.10 9.10 'sctp_recvmsg' Function ............................................................................... 342

8.7.11 9.11 'sctp_opt_info' Function ............................................................................... 342

8.7.12 9.12 'sctp_peeloff' Function ................................................................................. 343

8.7.13 9.13 'shutdown' Function ..................................................................................... 343

8.7.14 9.14 Notifications .................................................................................................. 344

8.7.15 9.15 Summary ....................................................................................................... 352

8.7.16 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 352

8.8 Chapter 10. SCTP Client/Server Example ........................................................................... 353

8.8.1 10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 353

8.8.2 10.2 SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Server: 'main' Function ................. 354

8.8.3 10.3 SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Client: 'main' Function .................. 357

8.8.4 10.4 SCTP Streaming Echo Client: 'str_cli' Function................................................ 359

8.8.5 10.5 Exploring Head-of-Line Blocking ..................................................................... 361

8.8.6 10.6 Controlling the Number of Streams ................................................................ 368

8.8.7 10.7 Controlling Termination .................................................................................. 369

8.8.8 10.8 Summary ......................................................................................................... 371

8.8.9 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 371

8.9 Chapter 11. Name and Address Conversions ..................................................................... 372

8.9.1 11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 373

8.9.2 11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) .......................................................................... 374

8.9.3 11.3 'gethostbyname' Function .............................................................................. 378

8.9.4 11.4 'gethostbyaddr' Function ................................................................................ 383

8.9.5 11.5 'getservbyname' and 'getservbyport' Functions ............................................. 383

8.9.6 11.6 'getaddrinfo' Function ..................................................................................... 389

8.9.7 11.7 'gai_strerror' Function .................................................................................... 395

8.9.8 11.8 'freeaddrinfo' Function ................................................................................... 396

8.9.9 11.9 'getaddrinfo' Function: IPv6 ............................................................................ 396

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