2.20 Performing Bitwise Operations 65
2.21 Combining Operations and Assignment 68
3. Using Mathematical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1 Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing 69
3.2 Incrementing and Decrementing Values 70
3.3 Finding the Remainder After Dividing Two Values 71
3.4 Determining the Absolute Value 72
3.5 Constraining a Number to a Range of Values 73
3.6 Finding the Minimum or Maximum of Some Values 74
3.7 Raising a Number to a Power 75
3.8
Taking the Square Root 76
3.9
Rounding Floating-Point Numbers Up and Down 76
3.10
Using Trigonometric Functions 77
3.11
Generating Random Numbers 78
3.12
Setting and Reading Bits 80
3.13 Shifting Bits 84
3.14
Extracting High and Low Bytes in an int or long 85
3.15 Forming an int or long from High and Low Bytes 87
4. Serial Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.1
Sending Debug Information from Arduino to Your Computer 94
4.2
Sending Formatted Text and Numeric Data from Arduino 97
4.3
Receiving Serial Data in Arduino 100
4.4
Sending Multiple Text Fields from Arduino in a Single Message 105
4.5
Receiving Multiple Text Fields in a Single Message in Arduino 111
4.6
Sending Binary Data from Arduino 114
4.7
Receiving Binary Data from Arduino on a Computer 118
4.8
Sending Binary Values from Processing to Arduino 120
4.9
Sending the Value of Multiple Arduino Pins 122
4.10
How to Move the Mouse Cursor on a PC or Mac 125
4.11
Controlling Google Earth Using Arduino 130
4.12
Logging Arduino Data to a File on Your Computer 135
4.13
Sending Data to Two Serial Devices at the Same Time 138
4.14
Receiving Serial Data from Two Devices at the Same Time 141
4.15
Setting Up Processing on Your Computer to Send
and Receive Serial Data 145
5. Simple Digital and Analog Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.1 Using a Switch 150
5.2 Using a Switch Without External Resistors 154
5.3
Reliably Detecting the Closing of a Switch 155
5.4
Determining How Long a Switch Is Pressed 158
iv | Table of Contents
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