达梦7SQL语言使用手册

SQL

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目录 ................................................................................................................................I

第 1 章结构化查询语言 DM_SQL 简介 .................................................................... 1

1.1 DM_SQL 语言的特点 ........................................................................................ 1

1.2 保留字与标识符 ............................................................................................... 2

1.3 DM_SQL 语言的功能及语句 .............................................................................. 2

1.4 DM_SQL 所支持的数据类型 .............................................................................. 3

1.4.1 常规数据类型 ....................................................................................... 3

1.4.2 位串数据类型 ....................................................................................... 5

1.4.3 日期时间数据类型 ................................................................................ 6

1.4.4 多媒体数据类型 .................................................................................. 10

1.5 DM_SQL 语言支持的表达式 ............................................................................ 10

1.5.1 数值表达式 ..........................................................................................11

1.5.2 字符串表达式 ..................................................................................... 13

1.5.3 时间值表达式 ..................................................................................... 13

1.5.4 时间间隔值表达式 .............................................................................. 15

1.5.5 运算符的优先级 .................................................................................. 16

1.6 DM_SQL 语言支持的数据库模式 ..................................................................... 17

第 2 章手册中的示例说明 ...................................................................................... 18

2.1 示例库说明 .................................................................................................... 18

2.2 参考脚本 ........................................................................................................ 26

2.2.1 创建示例库 ......................................................................................... 26

2.2.2 创建模式及表 ..................................................................................... 26

2.2.3 插入数据 ............................................................................................ 33

第 3 章数据定义语句 .............................................................................................. 50

3.1 数据库修改语句 ............................................................................................. 50

3.2 管理用户 ........................................................................................................ 53

3.2.1 用户定义语句 ..................................................................................... 53

3.2.2 修改用户语句 ..................................................................................... 58

3.2.3 用户删除语句 ..................................................................................... 60

3.3 管理模式 ........................................................................................................ 61

3.3.1 模式定义语句 ..................................................................................... 61

3.3.2 设置当前模式语句 .............................................................................. 63

3.3.3 模式删除语句 ..................................................................................... 63

3.4 管理表空间 .................................................................................................... 64

3.4.1 表空间定义语句 .................................................................................. 64

3.4.2 修改表空间语句 .................................................................................. 65

3.4.3 表空间删除语句 .................................................................................. 67

3.4.4 表空间失效文件检查 ........................................................................... 68

3.4.5 表空间失效文件恢复准备 .................................................................... 68

3.4.6 表空间失效文件恢复 ........................................................................... 68

3.5 管理 HTS 表空间 ............................................................................................ 69

3.5.1 创建 HTS 表空间 ................................................................................. 69

3.5.2 删除 HTS 表空间 ................................................................................. 69

3.6 管理表 ........................................................................................................... 70

3.6.1 基表定义语句 ..................................................................................... 70

3.6.2 基表修改语句 ....................................................................................101

3.6.3 基表删除语句 .................................................................................. 112

3.6.4 基表数据删除语句 ............................................................................. 113

3.7 管理索引 ....................................................................................................... 113

3.7.1 索引定义语句 .................................................................................... 113

3.7.2 索引修改语句 .................................................................................... 118

3.7.3 索引删除语句 ....................................................................................120

3.8 管理位图连接索引 .........................................................................................121

3.8.1 位图连接索引定义语句 ......................................................................121

3.8.2 位图连接索引删除语句 ......................................................................123

3.9 管理全文索引 ................................................................................................123

3.9.1 全文索引定义语句 .............................................................................123

3.9.2 全文索引修改语句 .............................................................................124

3.9.3 全文索引删除语句 .............................................................................125

3.10 管理空间索引 ..............................................................................................126

3.11 管理数组索引 ..............................................................................................126

3.11.1 数组索引定义语句 ...........................................................................126

3.11.2 数组索引修改语句 ...........................................................................127

3.11.3 数组索引使用 ..................................................................................127

3.11.4 数组索引删除语句 ...........................................................................129

3.12 管理序列 .....................................................................................................129

3.12.1 序列定义语句 ..................................................................................129

3.12.2 序列修改语句 ..................................................................................131

3.12.3 序列删除语句 ..................................................................................133

3.13 管理 SQL 域 ................................................................................................134

3.13.1 创建 DOMAIN ....................................................................................134

3.13.2 使用 DOMAIN ....................................................................................135

3.13.3 删除 DOMAIN ....................................................................................135

3.14 管理上下文 .................................................................................................135

3.14.1 创建上下文 .......................................................................................136

3.14.2 删除上下文 .......................................................................................137

3.15 管理目录 .....................................................................................................138

3.15.1 创建目录 ..........................................................................................138

3.15.2 删除目录 ..........................................................................................139

3.16 设置当前会话 ..............................................................................................139

3.16.1 时区信息 ..........................................................................................139

3.16.2 日期串语言 .......................................................................................139

3.17 注释语句 .....................................................................................................140

3.18 设置 INI 参数 .............................................................................................141

3.18.1 设置参数值 .......................................................................................141

3.18.2 设置仅对当前会话起作用 ..................................................................142

3.19 修改系统语句 ..............................................................................................142

3.20 设置列、索引生成统计信息 .........................................................................143

第 4 章数据查询语句 ............................................................................................. 145

4.1 单表查询 .......................................................................................................156

4.1.1 简单查询 ...........................................................................................156

4.1.2 带条件查询 ........................................................................................157

4.1.3 集函数 ...............................................................................................160

4.1.4 分析函数 ...........................................................................................165

4.1.5 情况表达式 ........................................................................................181

4.2 连接查询 .......................................................................................................184

4.2.1 交叉连接 ...........................................................................................184

4.2.2 自然连接(NATURAL JOIN)..............................................................185

4.2.3 JOIN … USING .................................................................................186

4.2.4 JOIN…ON ...........................................................................................186

4.2.5 自连接 ...............................................................................................186

4.2.6 内连接(INNER JOIN).......................................................................187

4.2.7 外连接(OUTER JOIN).......................................................................188

4.3 子查询 ..........................................................................................................192

4.3.1 标量子查询 ........................................................................................193

4.3.2 表子查询 ...........................................................................................193

4.3.3 派生表子查询 ....................................................................................196

4.3.4 定量比较 ...........................................................................................196

4.3.5 带 EXISTS 谓词的子查询 ...................................................................198

4.3.6 多列表子查询

....................................................................................198

4.4 WITH 子句 ...................................................................................................199

4.4.1 WITH FUNCTION 子句 ......................................................................200

4.4.2 公用表表达式子句 .............................................................................201

4.5 合并查询结果 .................................................................................................202

4.6 GROUP BY 和 HAVING 子句 ..........................................................................204

4.6.1 GROUP BY 子句的使用 ......................................................................204

4.6.2 ROLLUP 的使用 .................................................................................205

4.6.3 CUBE 的使用 .....................................................................................206

4.6.4 GROUPING 的使用 .............................................................................208

4.6.5 GROUPING SETS 的使用 ..................................................................209

4.6.6 GROUPING_ID 的使用 .......................................................................210

4.6.7 GROUP_ID 的使用 ............................................................................. 211

4.6.8 HAVING 子句的使用 ..........................................................................212

4.7 ORDER BY 子句 ............................................................................................213

4.8 FOR UPDATE 子句 .......................................................................................214

III

4.9 TOP 子句 ......................................................................................................215

4.10 LIMIT 限定条件 .........................................................................................216

4.10.1 LIMIT 子句 .....................................................................................216

4.10.2 ROW_LIMIT 子句 ............................................................................217

4.11 全文检索 .....................................................................................................218

4.11.1 全文检索的使用 ...............................................................................218

4.11.2 全文检索中文词库的自定义 .............................................................220

4.12 层次查询子句 ..............................................................................................224

4.12.1 层次查询子句 ..................................................................................224

4.12.2 层次查询相关伪列 ...........................................................................224

4.12.3 层次查询相关操作符 ........................................................................224

4.12.4 层次查询相关函数 ...........................................................................225

4.12.5 层次查询层内排序 ...........................................................................225

4.12.6 层次查询的限制 ...............................................................................225

4.13 并行查询 .....................................................................................................229

4.14 ROWNUM.......................................................................................................230

4.15 数组查询 .....................................................................................................231

4.16 查看执行计划与执行跟踪统计 .....................................................................232

4.16.1 EXPLAIN .........................................................................................232

4.16.2 EXPLAIN FOR .................................................................................233

4.17 SAMPLE 子句 ..............................................................................................233

第 5 章数据的插入、删除和修改 ........................................................................ 235

5.1 数据插入语句 ................................................................................................235

5.2 数据修改语句 ................................................................................................239

5.3 数据删除语句 ................................................................................................242

5.4 MERGE INTO 语句 .......................................................................................243

5.5 伪列的使用 ...................................................................................................245

5.5.1 ROWID................................................................................................246

5.5.2 UID 和 USER ......................................................................................246

5.5.3 TRXID................................................................................................246

5.5.4 SESSID .............................................................................................246

5.6 DM 自增列的使用 ..........................................................................................246

5.6.1 DM 自增列定义 ...................................................................................246

5.6.2 SET IDENTITY_INSERT 属性 ........................................................247

第 6 章视图 ............................................................................................................ 250

6.1 视图的作用 .................................................................................................250

6.2 视图的定义 ...................................................................................................251

6.3 视图的删除 ...................................................................................................254

6.4 视图的查询 ...................................................................................................254

6.5 视图的编译 ...................................................................................................255

6.6 视图数据的更新 ............................................................................................256

第 7 章物化视图 .................................................................................................... 258

7.1 物化视图的定义 ........................................................................................258

7.2 物化视图的修改 ........................................................................................261

7.3 物化视图的删除 ........................................................................................262

7.4 物化视图的更新 ........................................................................................263

7.5 物化视图允许的操作 ................................................................................263

7.6 物化视图日志的定义 ................................................................................263

7.7 物化视图日志的删除 ................................................................................264

7.8 物化视图的限制 ........................................................................................265

7.8.1 物化视图的一般限制 ..........................................................................265

7.8.2 物化视图的分类 .................................................................................265

7.8.3 快速刷新通用约束 .............................................................................265

7.8.4 物化视图信息查看 .............................................................................266

第 8 章函数 ............................................................................................................ 267

8.1 数值函数 .......................................................................................................272

8.2 字符串函数 ...................................................................................................285

8.3 日期时间函数 ................................................................................................306

8.4 空值判断函数 ................................................................................................321

8.5 类型转换函数 ................................................................................................322

8.6 杂类函数 .......................................................................................................324

第 9 章一致性和并发性 ........................................................................................ 327

9.1 DM 事务相关语句 ..........................................................................................327

9.1.1 事务的开始 ........................................................................................327

9.1.2 事务的结束 ........................................................................................327

9.1.3 保存点相关语句 .................................................................................328

9.1.4 设置事务隔离级及读写特性 ...............................................................329

9.2 DM 手动上锁语句 ..........................................................................................330

第 10 章存储模块 .................................................................................................. 333

10.1 PL/SQL 数据类型和操作符 .........................................................................333

10.1.1 PL/SQL 数据类型 ............................................................................333

10.1.2 PL/SQL 操作符 ...............................................................................345

10.2 存储模块的定义 ..........................................................................................346

10.2.2 存储函数 .............................................................................................351

10.2.3 参数 ....................................................................................................353

10.2.4 变量 ....................................................................................................354

10.2.5 使用 OR REPLACE 选项 ......................................................................355

10.2.6 调用权限子句 ......................................................................................355

10.3 存储模块的删除 ..........................................................................................355

10.3.1 存储过程删除语句 ...............................................................................355

10.3.2 存储函数删除语句 ...............................................................................356

10.4 存储模块的重新编译 ...................................................................................356

10.5 存储模块的控制语句 ...................................................................................357

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