GPS软件接收机实现原理：国外教材解析

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"GPS软件接收机实现原理，国外教材，涵盖了理论与代码，提供了一种软件方法来理解全球定位系统（GPS）接收机的工作机制。由James Bao-Yen Tsui撰写，由John Wiley & Sons, Inc.出版。" 全球定位系统（GPS）接收机的实现原理是基于无线电信号处理和导航计算的复杂技术。软件接收机是一种利用计算机程序来模拟传统硬件接收机功能的系统，它使得用户能够通过软件对GPS信号进行解码和解析，而不仅仅是依赖专门的硬件设备。在"Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers: A Software Approach"第二版中，作者James Bao-Yen Tsui深入探讨了GPS接收机的基本概念和工作流程。这本书可能包含了以下关键知识点： 1. GPS系统概述：介绍GPS卫星网络、信号结构、星座配置以及它们如何协同工作以提供全球定位服务。 2. GPS信号基础：详细解释L1和L2载波频率，伪随机噪声码（PRN）以及导航数据的编码方式，如C/A码和P码。 3. 信号捕获与跟踪：阐述如何通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）和相关算法检测微弱的GPS信号，并保持对信号的跟踪，即使在有干扰或动态环境下。 4. 时钟同步与多普勒频移：讨论接收机如何校准其内部时钟以匹配GPS卫星的精确时间，并计算由于接收机与卫星之间的相对运动产生的多普勒频移。 5. 伪距测量与定位算法：介绍如何从接收到的信号中提取伪距信息，并使用这些信息通过三边测量法或四边测量法（如果包括海拔信息）来确定接收机位置。 6. 差分GPS（DGPS）与RTK（实时动态定位）：讨论如何通过与参考站的数据比较来提高定位精度，如广域增强系统（WAAS）、欧洲地基增强系统（EGNOS）等。 7. 软件实现与编程：提供实际代码示例，展示如何在软件环境中实现上述信号处理和定位算法，可能涉及到语言如C++、Python或MATLAB。 8. 故障检测与抗干扰策略：讨论如何识别和处理信号质量下降、多路径效应以及其他可能导致定位错误的情况。 9. 实际应用与案例研究：可能包含GPS在各种领域的应用实例，如测绘、交通管理、海洋导航和航空等。此书对于理解和实现GPS软件接收机具有很高的价值，特别是对于那些希望深入研究GPS技术、导航系统设计或无线通信的学生和专业人士来说。尽管版权信息强调了对复制和分发的限制，但通过合法渠道获得许可后，该资源可以成为学习和研究的重要参考资料。

Preface to the First Edition

The purpose of this book is to present detailed fundamental information on a

global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Although GPS receivers are popularly

used in every-day life, their operation principles cannot be easily found in one

book. Most other types of receivers process the input signals to obtain the nec-

essary information easily, such as in amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency

modulation (FM) radios. In a GPS receiver the signal is processed to obtain the

required information, which in turn is used to calculate the user position. There-

fore, at least two areas of discipline, receiver technology and navigation scheme,

are employed in a GPS receiver. This book covers both areas.

In the case of GPS signals, there are two sets of information: the civilian code,

referred to as the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code, and the classiﬁed military code,

referred to as the P(Y) code. This book concentrates only on the civilian C/A

code. This is the information used by commercial GPS receivers to obtain the

user position.

The material in this book is presented from the software receiver viewpoint

for two reasons. First, it is likely that narrow band receivers, such as the GPS

receiver, will be implemented in software in the future. Second, a software

receiver approach may explain the operation better. A few key computer pro-

grams can be used to further illustrate some points.

This book is written for engineers and scientists who intend to study and

understand the detailed operation principles of GPS receivers. The book is at the

senior or graduate school level. A few computer programs written in Matlab are

listed at the end of several chapters to help the reader understand some of the

ideas presented.

I would like to acknowledge the following persons. My sincere appreciation

to three engineers: Dr. D. M. Akos from Stanford University, M. Stockmaster

from Rockwell Collins, and J. Schamus from Veridian. They worked with me

at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base on the

1.5 SOFTWARE APPROACH 3

performed by hardware. From the navigation data phase transition the subframes

and navigation data can be obtained. Ephemeris data and pseudoranges can be

obtained from the navigation data. The ephemeris data are used to obtain the

satellite positions. Finally, the user position can be calculated for the satellite

positions and the pseudoranges. Both the hardware used to collect digitized data

and the software used to ﬁnd the user position will be discussed in this book.

1.4 APPROACHES OF PRESENTATION

There are two possible approaches to writing this book. One is a straightforward

way to follow the signal ﬂow shown in Figure 1.1. In this approach the book

would start with the signal structure of the GPS system and the methods to process

the signal to obtain the necessary the information. This information would be

used to calculate the positions of the satellites and the pseudoranges. By using

the positions of the satellites and the pseudoranges the user position can be found.

In this approach, the ﬂow of discussion would be smooth, from one subject to

another. However, the disadvantage of this approach is that readers might not

have a clear idea why these steps are needed. They could understand the concept

of the GPS operation only after reading the entire book.

The other approach is to start with the basic concept of the GPS from a

system designers’ point of view. This approach would start with the basic concept

of ﬁnding the user position from the satellite positions. The description of the

satellite constellation would be presented. The detailed information of the satellite

orbit is contained in the GPS data. In order to obtain these data, the GPS signal

must be tracked. The C/A code of the GPS signals would then be presented.

Each satellite has an unique C/A code. A receiver can perform acquisition on the

C/A code to ﬁnd the signal. Once the C/A code of a certain satellite is found,

the signal can be tracked. The tracking program can produce the navigation

data. From these data, the position of the satellite can be found. The relative

pseudorange can be obtained by comparing the time a certain data point arrived

at the receiver. The user position can be calculated from the satellite positions

and pseudoranges of several satellites.

This book takes this second approach to present the material because it should

give a clearer idea of the GPS function from the very beginning. The ﬁnal chapter

describes the overall functions of the GPS receiver and can be considered as

taking the ﬁrst approach for digitizing the signal, performing acquisition and

tracking, extracting the navigation data, and calculating the user position.

1.5 SOFTWARE APPROACH

This book uses the concept of software radio to present the subject. The software

radio idea is to use an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to change the input sig-

nal into digital data at the earliest possible stage in the receiver. In other words,

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