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salesforce: Winter '12

Force.com Apex Code Developer's Guide

Last updated: October 29, 2011

names and marks. Other marks appearing herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introducing Apex...............................................................................................................11

What is Apex?.........................................................................................................................................................................12

How Does Apex Work?..............................................................................................................................................13

What is the Apex Development Process?....................................................................................................................14

Using a Developer or Sandbox Organization...................................................................................................14

Learning Apex.................................................................................................................................................17

Writing Apex...................................................................................................................................................18

Writing Tests...................................................................................................................................................19

Deploying Apex to a Sandbox Organization...................................................................................................19

Deploying Apex to a Salesforce Production Organization...............................................................................20

Adding Apex Code to a Force.com AppExchange App..................................................................................20

When Should I Use Apex?..........................................................................................................................................20

What are the Limitations of Apex?.............................................................................................................................21

What's New?...........................................................................................................................................................................22

Apex Quick Start.....................................................................................................................................................................22

Documentation Typographical Conventions...............................................................................................................22

Understanding Apex Core Concepts...........................................................................................................................23

Writing Your First Apex Class and Trigger................................................................................................................27

Creating a Custom Object...............................................................................................................................28

Adding an Apex Class.....................................................................................................................................28

Adding an Apex Trigger..................................................................................................................................29

Adding a Test Class.........................................................................................................................................31

Deploying Components to Production............................................................................................................33

Chapter 2: Language Constructs.........................................................................................................34

Data Types..............................................................................................................................................................................35

Primitive Data Types...................................................................................................................................................35

sObject Types..............................................................................................................................................................38

Accessing sObject Fields..................................................................................................................................39

Accessing sObject Fields Through Relationships............................................................................................40

Validating sObjects and Fields .......................................................................................................................41

Collections...................................................................................................................................................................42

Lists.................................................................................................................................................................42

Sets..................................................................................................................................................................44

Maps................................................................................................................................................................45

Maps from SObject Arrays..............................................................................................................................46

Iterating Collections........................................................................................................................................46

Enums.........................................................................................................................................................................46

Understanding Rules of Conversion............................................................................................................................48

Variables..................................................................................................................................................................................49

Case Sensitivity............................................................................................................................................................50

Table of Contents

Constants.....................................................................................................................................................................51

Expressions..............................................................................................................................................................................51

Understanding Expressions.........................................................................................................................................51

Understanding Expression Operators..........................................................................................................................52

Understanding Operator Precedence...........................................................................................................................58

Extending sObject and List Expressions.....................................................................................................................59

Using Comments.........................................................................................................................................................59

Assignment Statements...........................................................................................................................................................59

Conditional (If-Else) Statements............................................................................................................................................61

Loops.......................................................................................................................................................................................61

Do-While Loops.........................................................................................................................................................62

While Loops................................................................................................................................................................62

For Loops....................................................................................................................................................................63

Traditional For Loops.....................................................................................................................................63

List or Set Iteration For Loops........................................................................................................................64

SOQL For Loops............................................................................................................................................64

SOQL and SOSL Queries......................................................................................................................................................66

Working with SOQL and SOSL Query Results.........................................................................................................67

Working with SOQL Aggregate Functions................................................................................................................68

Working with Very Large SOQL Queries..................................................................................................................69

Using SOQL Queries That Return One Record........................................................................................................71

Improving Performance by Not Searching on Null Values.........................................................................................71

Understanding Foreign Key and Parent-Child Relationship SOQL Queries.............................................................72

Using Apex Variables in SOQL and SOSL Queries...................................................................................................73

Querying All Records with a SOQL Statement..........................................................................................................74

Locking Statements.................................................................................................................................................................74

Locking in a SOQL For Loop....................................................................................................................................75

Avoiding Deadlocks....................................................................................................................................................75

Transaction Control................................................................................................................................................................75

Exception Statements..............................................................................................................................................................76

Throw Statements.......................................................................................................................................................76

Try-Catch-Finally Statements.....................................................................................................................................76

Chapter 3: Invoking Apex...................................................................................................................78

Triggers...................................................................................................................................................................................79

Bulk Triggers...............................................................................................................................................................80

Trigger Syntax.............................................................................................................................................................80

Trigger Context Variables...........................................................................................................................................81

Context Variable Considerations.................................................................................................................................83

Common Bulk Trigger Idioms....................................................................................................................................84

Using Maps and Sets in Bulk Triggers............................................................................................................84

Correlating Records with Query Results in Bulk Triggers..............................................................................84

Using Triggers to Insert or Update Records with Unique Fields.....................................................................85

Defining Triggers........................................................................................................................................................85

Triggers and Merge Statements..................................................................................................................................87

Table of Contents

Triggers and Recovered Records.................................................................................................................................87

Triggers and Order of Execution.................................................................................................................................88

Operations That Don't Invoke Triggers......................................................................................................................89

Fields that Cannot Be Updated by Triggers................................................................................................................91

Trigger Exceptions......................................................................................................................................................91

Trigger and Bulk Request Best Practices.....................................................................................................................92

Apex Scheduler........................................................................................................................................................................93

Anonymous Blocks..................................................................................................................................................................98

Apex in AJAX.........................................................................................................................................................................99

Chapter 4: Classes, Objects, and Interfaces........................................................................................101

Understanding Classes..........................................................................................................................................................102

Defining Apex Classes...............................................................................................................................................102

Extended Class Example...........................................................................................................................................103

Declaring Class Variables..........................................................................................................................................106

Defining Class Methods............................................................................................................................................107

Using Constructors....................................................................................................................................................108

Access Modifiers........................................................................................................................................................109

Static and Instance.....................................................................................................................................................111

Using Static Methods and Variables..............................................................................................................111

Using Instance Methods and Variables..........................................................................................................112

Using Initialization Code...............................................................................................................................113

Apex Properties.........................................................................................................................................................114

Interfaces and Extending Classes..........................................................................................................................................116

Parameterized Typing and Interfaces........................................................................................................................117

Custom Iterators........................................................................................................................................................119

Keywords...............................................................................................................................................................................121

Using the final Keyword............................................................................................................................................122

Using the instanceof Keyword...................................................................................................................................122

Using the super Keyword...........................................................................................................................................122

Using the this Keyword.............................................................................................................................................123

Using the transient Keyword.....................................................................................................................................124

Using the with sharing or without sharing Keywords................................................................................................125

Annotations...........................................................................................................................................................................127

Deprecated Annotation.............................................................................................................................................127

Future Annotation.....................................................................................................................................................128

IsTest Annotation.....................................................................................................................................................129

ReadOnly Annotation...............................................................................................................................................131

RemoteAction Annotation........................................................................................................................................131

Apex REST Annotations..........................................................................................................................................132

RestResource Annotation..............................................................................................................................132

HttpDelete Annotation.................................................................................................................................133

HttpGet Annotation......................................................................................................................................133

HttpPatch Annotation...................................................................................................................................133

HttpPost Annotation.....................................................................................................................................133

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Table of Contents