JPEG国际标准10918-1,T.81

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INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

CCITT T.81

THE INTERNATIONAL (09/92)

TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE

CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE

TERMINAL EQUIPMENT AND PROTOCOLS

FOR TELEMATIC SERVICES

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –

DIGITAL COMPRESSION AND CODING

OF CONTINUOUS-TONE STILL IMAGES –

REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES

Recommendation T.81

Contents

Page

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. iii

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

2 Normative references..................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Definitions, abbreviations and symbols......................................................................................................... 1

4 General ......................................................................................................................................................... 12

5 Interchange format requirements................................................................................................................... 23

6 Encoder requirements ................................................................................................................................... 23

7 Decoder requirements ................................................................................................................................... 23

Annex A – Mathematical definitions........................................................................................................................ 24

Annex B – Compressed data formats........................................................................................................................ 31

Annex C – Huffman table specification.................................................................................................................... 50

Annex D – Arithmetic coding.................................................................................................................................. 54

Annex E – Encoder and decoder control procedures................................................................................................ 77

Annex F – Sequential DCT-based mode of operation............................................................................................... 87

Annex G – Progressive DCT-based mode of operation............................................................................................. 119

Annex H – Lossless mode of operation .................................................................................................................... 132

Annex J – Hierarchical mode of operation................................................................................................................ 137

Annex K – Examples and guidelines........................................................................................................................ 143

Annex L – Patents.................................................................................................................................................... 179

Annex M – Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................... 181

CCITT Rec. T.81 (1992 E) i

Introduction

This CCITT Recommendation | ISO/IEC International Standard was prepared by CCITT Study Group VIII and the Joint

Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 10. This Experts Group was formed in 1986 to

establish a standard for the sequential progressive encoding of continuous tone grayscale and colour images.

Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still images, is published in two parts:

– Requirements and guidelines;

– Compliance testing.

This part, Part 1, sets out requirements and implementation guidelines for continuous-tone still image encoding and

decoding processes, and for the coded representation of compressed image data for interchange between applications.

These processes and representations are intended to be generic, that is, to be applicable to a broad range of applications for

colour and grayscale still images within communications and computer systems. Part 2, sets out tests for determining

whether implementations comply with the requirments for the various encoding and decoding processes specified in Part

The user’s attention is called to the possibility that – for some of the coding processes specified herein – compliance with

this Recommendation | International Standard may require use of an invention covered by patent rights. See Annex L for

further information.

The requirements which these processes must satisfy to be useful for specific image communications applications such as

facsimile, Videotex and audiographic conferencing are defined in CCITT Recommendation T.80. The intent is that the

generic processes of Recommendation T.80 will be incorporated into the various CCITT Recommendations for terminal

equipment for these applications.

In addition to the applications addressed by the CCITT and ISO/IEC, the JPEG committee has developped a compression

standard to meet the needs of other applications as well, including desktop publishing, graphic arts, medical imaging and

scientific imaging.

Annexes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and J are normative, and thus form an integral part of this Specification. Annexes K, L

and M are informative and thus do not form an integral part of this Specification.

This Specification aims to follow the guidelines of CCITT and ISO/IEC JTC 1 on Rules for presentation of CCITT |

ISO/IEC common text.

ISO/IEC 10918-1 : 1993(E)

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ISO/IEC 10918-1 : 1993(E)

CCITT Rec. T.81 (1992 E)

CCITT RECOMMENDATION

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – DIGITAL COMPRESSION

AND CODING OF CONTINUOUS-TONE STILL IMAGES –

REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES

1 Scope

This CCITT Recommendation | International Standard is applicable to continuous-tone – grayscale or colour – digital still

image data. It is applicable to a wide range of applications which require use of compressed images. It is not applicable to

bi-level image data.

This Specification

– specifies processes for converting source image data to compressed image data;

– specifies processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data;

– gives guidance on how to implement these processes in practice;

– specifies coded representations for compressed image data.

NOTE – This Specification does not specify a complete coded image representation. Such representations may include

certain parameters, such as aspect ratio, component sample registration, and colour space designation, which are application-

dependent.

2 Normative references

The following CCITT Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this

text, constitute provisions of this CCITT Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the

editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements

based on this CCITT Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying

the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers

of currently valid International Standards. The CCITT Secretariat maintains a list of currently valid CCITT

Recommendations.

– CCITT Recommendation T.80 (1992), Common components for image compression and communication –

Basic principles.

3 Definitions, abbreviations and symbols

3.1 Definitions and abbreviations

For the purposes of this Specification, the following definitions apply.

3.1.1 abbreviated format: A representation of compressed image data which is missing some or all of the table

specifications required for decoding, or a representation of table-specification data without frame headers, scan headers,

and entropy-coded segments.

3.1.2 AC coefficient: Any DCT coefficient for which the frequency is not zero in at least one dimension.

3.1.3 (adaptive) (binary) arithmetic decoding: An entropy decoding procedure which recovers the sequence of

symbols from the sequence of bits produced by the arithmetic encoder.

3.1.4 (adaptive) (binary) arithmetic encoding: An entropy encoding procedure which codes by means of a recursive

subdivision of the probability of the sequence of symbols coded up to that point.

3.1.5 application environment: The standards for data representation, communication, or storage which have been

established for a particular application.

CCITT Rec. T.81 (1992 E) 1

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