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CEWG / Linux Foundation Open Projects
eMMC/SSD File System Tuning Methodology
Rev. 1.0
May 24, 2013
Abstract
This document describes methods of file system performance measurement and tuning for
eMMC/SSD storage media, including open source tools and file system options. It also covers
longevity aspects of eMMC/SSD media with certain file systems and file system power-fail
tolerance in the presence of performance-tuning options.
Audience
Audience of this document is people optimizing I/O performance of embedded systems with
managed FLASH storage devices.
Document Status
Draft
Contact Information
Send your comments, questions and report any other issues related to this document to:
max.filippov@cogentembedded.com and artemi.ivanov@cogentembedded.com.
Cogent Embedded, Inc. contact information is available at http://cogentembedded.com
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May 24, 2013 eMMC/SSD File System Tuning Methodology
Revision History
Rev. Date Author Changes
0.1 October 15, 2012 M. Filippov Initial Revision
0.2 November 1, 2012 M. Filippov Add preliminary results and benchmark scripts
overview
0.3 November 12, 2012 M. Filippov More results, more scripts details
0.4 January 12, 2013 M. Filippov Add IO schedulers results
0.5 May 13, 2013 M. Filippov,
K. Kozhevnikov
Add Wear Intensity and Power-Failure Tolerance
sections. Update results section and clean-up text.
1.0 May 24, 2013 D. Semyonov Describe power-failure testing results. Clean-up text,
styles, and paragraph ordering. Update logo.
Issues
None
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May 24, 2013 eMMC/SSD File System Tuning Methodology
Table of Contents
1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Overview................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations................................................................................................5
2 Setup.............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Hardware Setup......................................................................................................................6
2.2 Software Setup.......................................................................................................................6
3 Performance Benchmarking and Optimization.............................................................................7
3.1 Approach................................................................................................................................7
3.2 Measured Performance Parameters.......................................................................................7
3.3 Results Comparison...............................................................................................................8
3.4 Benchmarking Tools and Workload Generators...................................................................8
3.4.1 Flashbench......................................................................................................................8
3.4.2 FIO..................................................................................................................................9
3.5 File Systems and Their Performance Tuning Options.........................................................10
3.5.1 Ext3/Ext4......................................................................................................................11
3.5.2 BTRFS..........................................................................................................................11
3.5.3 F2FS..............................................................................................................................11
3.6 I/O Schedulers......................................................................................................................11
3.7 Expected Results..................................................................................................................12
3.8 Observed Results.................................................................................................................12
3.8.1 Linear and Random Direct Reading.............................................................................13
3.8.2 Linear and Random Direct Writing..............................................................................15
3.8.3 Linear Reading from Multiple Files (grep)...................................................................17
3.8.4 Linear Writing to Multiple Files (untar).......................................................................18
3.8.5 Linear Reading and Writing Multiple Files (compile).................................................19
3.8.6 Random Reading and Writing Multiple Files (fileserver)............................................21
3.8.7 Random Reading and Writing Multiple Memory-mapped Files (database).................22
3.9 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................23
4 SSD Wear Intensity....................................................................................................................24
4.1 Approach..............................................................................................................................24
4.2 Results..................................................................................................................................24
5 Power-Fail Tolerance..................................................................................................................25
5.1 Approach..............................................................................................................................25
5.2 Results..................................................................................................................................26
5.2.1 Ext4...............................................................................................................................26
5.2.2 BTRFS..........................................................................................................................26
5.2.3 F2FS..............................................................................................................................26
5.2.4 Fsck, Mount, and Unmount Performance.....................................................................27
Appendix I. Benchmarking Scripts...............................................................................................28
Tree Structure...........................................................................................................................28
Configuration............................................................................................................................28
Execution..................................................................................................................................28
Sample Usage...........................................................................................................................29
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May 24, 2013 eMMC/SSD File System Tuning Methodology
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
This document provides a methodology for performance tuning of a file system operating on a
managed FLASH device, like SSD/SD/eMMC. It focuses on ext3/ext4, BTRFS and f2fs open
source file systems (list can be extended). A set of performance characteristics is defined and
tools for workload simulation / performance measurement are proposed. Procedures for wear
intensity estimation of tuned file systems and power-fail tolerance are described.
The document is accompanied with a set of scripts that allow conducting performance testing
and tuning for exact target/storage configuration in accordance with the methodology.
1.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
Term Definition
atime Access time (one of the file time stamps)
eMMC Embedded MultiMedia Card
FS File System
IO, I/O Input/Output
relatime Relative access time (atime, that is only updated if the previous
atime was earlier than the current modify or change time)
SD Secure Digital (non-volatile memory card format)
SSD Solid State Drive
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