LabVIEW图像采集与处理技术探索

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"本书《Image Acquisition and Processing with LabVIEW》由Christopher G. Relf撰写，由CRC出版社于2003年出版，共264页，格式为PDF，ISBN号为0849314801。本书是关于LabVIEW图像处理工具的全面总结，还涵盖了相机、镜头和照明选择等关键主题。书中结合了技术描述和实际应用，适合初学者和有一定经验的视觉编程者阅读，即使是图像处理资深人士也能从中获益。" 《Image Acquisition and Processing with LabVIEW》是"IMAGEPROCESSINGSERIES"系列中的一本，该系列由Phillip A. Laplante担任主编。这本书深入探讨了使用LabVIEW进行图像获取和处理的技术，是LabVIEW参考库中的重要参考资料。在图像获取方面，书中可能涉及了以下知识点： 1. 图像采集设备：详细介绍了如何选择合适的相机，包括分辨率、帧率、传感器类型（如CCD或CMOS）以及它们对图像质量的影响。 2. 镜头选择：探讨了不同镜头的焦距、光圈大小和视角对成像效果的决定因素，以及如何根据应用场景来选择合适的镜头。 3. 照明技术：讲解了照明在图像获取中的重要性，包括不同类型的光源（如白光、红外、LED等）和照明布局，以及如何优化光照条件以改善图像质量。在图像处理方面，可能会涵盖以下内容： 1. 图像预处理：包括去噪（如滤波）、直方图均衡化、灰度转换等，以提高图像的可读性和后续处理的效率。 2. 图像分析：可能涉及边缘检测、特征提取、模板匹配等技术，用于识别图像中的特定对象或模式。 3. 形状和尺寸测量：介绍了如何利用图像处理来计算物体的形状、大小和位置，这对于工业检测和质量控制特别有用。 4. 机器学习和计算机视觉：可能涵盖了基本的机器学习算法（如支持向量机、神经网络）在图像分类和识别中的应用。 5. LabVIEW编程基础：书中应会介绍如何使用LabVIEW的图形化编程环境来实现这些图像处理功能，包括VI（Virtual Instrument）设计、数据流编程和模块化编程等。 6. 应用案例：书中通过实际案例展示了图像处理在自动化、质量检验、医疗诊断等领域的应用，帮助读者理解理论知识的实际应用价值。这本书不仅提供理论知识，还强调实践应用，对于任何希望提升在LabVIEW环境下进行图像处理能力的人来说，都是一本宝贵的资源。通过阅读，读者可以学习到如何有效地集成硬件与软件，构建出功能强大的图像处理系统。

Introduction

Of the Þve senses we use daily, we rely most on our sense of sight. Our eyesight

provides 80% of the information we absorb during daylight hours, and it is no

wonder, as nearly three quarters of the sensory receptor cells in our bodies are located

in the back of our eyes, at the retinas. Many of the decisions we make daily are

based on what we can see, and how we in turn interpret that data — an action as

common as driving a car is only possible for those who have eyesight.

As computer-controlled robotics play an ever-increasing role in factory produc-

tion, scientiÞc, medical and safety Þelds, surely one of the most important and

intuitive advancements we can exploit is the ability to acquire, process and make

decisions based on image data.

LabVIEW is a popular measurement and automation programming language,

developed by National Instruments (NI). Initially aimed squarely at scientists and

technicians to assist in simple laboratory automation and data acquisition, LabVIEW

has grown steadily to become a complete programming language in its own right,

with add-on toolkits that cover anything from Internet connectivity and database

access to fuzzy logic and image processing. The image-based toolkit (called

Vision

)

is particularly popular, simplifying the often-complex task of not only downloading

appropriate quality images into a computer, but also making multifarious processing

tasks much easier than many other packages and languages.

This book is intended for competent LabVIEW programmers, as a general

training manual for those new to NI Vision application development and a reference

for more-experienced Vision programmers. It is assumed that you have attained

programming knowledge comparable to that taught in the NI LabVIEW Basics II

course.

I sincerely hope that you will learn much from this book, that it will aid you in

developing and including Vision components conÞdently in your applications, thus

harnessing one of the most complex, yet common data sources — the photon.

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Contents

Chapter 1

Image Types and File Management.....................................................1

1.1 Types of Images ............................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Grayscale.............................................................................................. 2

1.1.2 Color..................................................................................................... 3

1.1.3 Complex ...............................................................................................4

1.2 File Types .........................................................................................................4

1.2.1 Modern File Formats ...........................................................................5

1.2.1.1 JPEG .....................................................................................7

1.2.1.2 TIFF ...................................................................................... 7

1.2.1.3 GIF ........................................................................................7

1.2.1.4 PNG.......................................................................................8

1.2.1.5 BMP ......................................................................................8

1.2.1.6 AIPD .....................................................................................8

1.2.1.7 Other Types...........................................................................8

1.3 Working with Image Files ...............................................................................9

1.3.1 Standard Image Files ...........................................................................9

1.3.2 Custom and Other Image Formats.....................................................12

Chapter 2

Setting Up ..........................................................................................15

2.1 Cameras.......................................................................................................... 15

2.1.1 Scan Types .........................................................................................16

2.1.1.1 Progressive Area Scan ........................................................ 16

2.1.1.2 Interlaced Area Scan...........................................................16

2.1.1.3 Interlacing Standards ..........................................................17

2.1.1.4 Line Scan ............................................................................18

2.1.1.5 Camera Link ....................................................................... 19

2.1.1.6 Thermal ............................................................................... 20

2.1.2 Camera Advisors: Web-Based Resources..........................................20

2.1.3 User Solution: X-Ray Inspection System.......................................... 22

2.1.3.1 Introduction.........................................................................22

2.1.3.2 Control and Imaging Hardware Conﬁguration ..................23

2.1.3.3 Control Software.................................................................23

2.1.3.4 Imaging Software................................................................24

2.1.3.5 Conclusions.........................................................................25

2.2 Image Acquisition Hardware .........................................................................26

2.2.1 National Instruments Frame Grabbers...............................................26

1480_bookTOC.fm Page 23 Tuesday, June 24, 2003 4:38 PM

2.2.2 IEEE 1394 (FireWire) Systems ......................................................... 26

2.2.3 USB Systems......................................................................................29

2.3 From Object to Camera .................................................................................30

2.3.1 Resolution........................................................................................... 30

2.3.2 Depth of Field (DOF) ........................................................................ 31

2.3.3 Contrast (or Modulation) ...................................................................32

2.3.4 Perspective (Parallax)......................................................................... 33

2.3.4.1 Software Calibration...........................................................34

2.3.4.2 Telecentricity....................................................................... 35

2.3.5 National Instruments Lens Partners...................................................37

2.4 Lighting .......................................................................................................... 37

2.4.1 Area Arrays ........................................................................................38

2.4.2 Ring ....................................................................................................38

2.4.3 Dark Field ..........................................................................................39

2.4.4 Dome .................................................................................................. 40

2.4.5 Backlights........................................................................................... 41

2.4.6 Continuous Diffuse Illuminator (CDI™) ..........................................42

2.4.7 Diffuse on Axis Lights (DOAL™) and Collimated on Axis

Lights (COAL) ...................................................................................43

2.4.8 Square Continuous Diffuse Illuminators (SCDI™) ..........................44

Chapter 3

Image Acquisition ..............................................................................47

3.1 Conﬁguring Your Camera ..............................................................................47

3.2 Acquisition Types...........................................................................................50

3.2.1 Snap.................................................................................................... 51

3.2.2 Grab.................................................................................................... 52

3.2.3 Sequence............................................................................................. 52

3.3 NI-IMAQ for IEEE 1394...............................................................................54

3.4 User Solution: Webcam Image Acquisition ..................................................56

3.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 56

3.4.2 Functionality....................................................................................... 57

3.4.3 Continuous Capture with Processing and Display............................ 58

3.4.4 Future Work........................................................................................58

3.5 Other Third-Party Image Acquisition Software ............................................59

3.6 Acquiring A VGA Signal............................................................................... 59

3.7 TWAIN Image Acquisition ............................................................................59

3.8 User Solution: Combining High-Speed Imaging and Sensors

for Fast Event Measurement..........................................................................60

3.8.1 The Challenge ....................................................................................60

3.8.2 The Solution.......................................................................................60

3.8.3 System Considerations....................................................................... 62

3.8.4 System Performance .......................................................................... 63

3.8.5 Applications .......................................................................................63

3.8.6 Summary ............................................................................................63

1480_bookTOC.fm Page 24 Tuesday, June 24, 2003 4:38 PM

Chapter 4

Displaying Images..............................................................................65

4.1 Simple Display Techniques............................................................................ 65

4.2 Displaying Images within Your Front Panel ................................................. 67

4.2.1 The Intensity Graph ...........................................................................67

4.2.2 The Picture Indicator .........................................................................68

4.2.3 Embedding an IMAQ Display Window ............................................71

4.3 The Image Browser........................................................................................74

4.4 Overlay Tools .................................................................................................77

4.4.1 Overlaying Text.................................................................................. 77

4.4.2 Overlaying Shapes ............................................................................. 77

4.4.3 Overlaying Bitmaps ........................................................................... 78

4.4.4 Combining Overlays ..........................................................................79

4.5 The Vision Window Tools Palette..................................................................81

4.5.1 Available Tools...................................................................................81

4.5.2 Vision Tools Palette Hints..................................................................84

Chapter 5

Image Processing ............................................................................... 85

5.1 The ROI (Region of Interest) ........................................................................85

5.1.1 Simple ROI Use .................................................................................86

5.1.1.1 Line .....................................................................................86

5.1.1.2 Square and Rectangle ......................................................... 86

5.1.1.3 Oval.....................................................................................88

5.1.2 Complex ROIs.................................................................................... 88

5.1.2.1 Rotated Rectangle...............................................................89

5.1.2.2 Annulus Arc ........................................................................89

5.1.2.3 ROI Tracing Example......................................................... 92

5.1.3 Manually Building a ROI: The “ROI Descriptor” ............................93

5.2 User Solution: Dynamic Microscopy in Brain Research..............................98

5.2.1 Program Description ..........................................................................99

5.2.2 Recording Video Sequences...............................................................99

5.2.2.1 Analysis of Video Sequences ...........................................100

5.2.3 Summary ..........................................................................................101

5.3 Connectivity .................................................................................................102

5.4 Basic Operators ............................................................................................ 103

5.4.1 Add (Combine) ................................................................................103

5.4.2 Subtract (Difference)........................................................................ 105

5.4.3 Other Basic Operators......................................................................108

5.4.4 Averaging .........................................................................................108

5.5 User Solution: Image Averaging with LabVIEW .......................................110

5.6 Other Tools................................................................................................... 113

5.6.1 Symmetry (Mirroring an Image) .....................................................113

5.6.2 Rotate ...............................................................................................115

5.6.3 Unwrap ............................................................................................. 116

5.6.4 3D View............................................................................................117

5.6.5 Thresholding..................................................................................... 117

1480_bookTOC.fm Page 25 Tuesday, June 24, 2003 4:38 PM

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