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CMOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design Course - Allen.pdf
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CMOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design Course
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Chapter 1 – Introduction (5/02/04) Page 1.0-1
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Chapter Outline
1.1 Analog Integrated Circuit Design
1.2 Technology Impact on Analog IC Design
1.3 Analog Signal Processing
1.4 Notation, Symbology and Terminology
1.5 Summary
Objectives
The objective of this course is to teach analog integrated circuit design using today’s
technologies and in particular, CMOS technology.
Approach
1. Develop a firm background on technology and modeling
2. Present analog integrated circuits in a hierarchical, bottom-up manner
3. Emphasize understanding and concept over analytical methods (simple models)
4. Illustrate the correct usage of the simulator in design
5. Develop design procedures that permit the novice to design complex analog circuits
(these procedures will be modified with experience)
Chapter 1 – Introduction (5/02/04) Page 1.0-2
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
Organization (Second Edition of CMOS Analog IC Design)
Chapter 9
Switched Capaci-
tor Circuits
Chapter 6
Simple CMOS &
BiCMOS OTA's
Chapter 7
High Performance
OTA's
Chapter 10
D/A and A/D
Converters
Chapter 11
Analog
Systems
Chapter 2
CMOS/BiCMOS
Technology
Chapter 3
CMOS/BiCMOS
Modeling
Chapter 4
CMOS
Subcircuits
Chapter 5
CMOS
Amplifiers
Systems
Complex
Circuits
Devices
Simple
Introduction
Chapter 8
CMOS/BiCMOS
Comparators
Chapter 10
D/A and A/D
Converters
Fig. 1.0-01
Chapter 1 – Section 1 (5/2/04) Page 1.1-1
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
SECTION 1.1 - ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN
What is Analog IC Design?
Analog IC design is the successful
implementation of analog circuits and
systems using integrated circuit
technology.
Unique Features of Analog IC Design
• Geometry is an important part of the design
Electrical Design
→ Physical Design → Test Design
• Usually implemented in a mixed analog-digital circuit
• Analog is 20% and digital 80% of the chip area
• Analog requires 80% of the design time
• Analog is designed at the circuit level
• Passes for success: 2-3 for analog, 1 for digital
Integrated
Circuit
Technology
Function or
Application
Successful
Solution
Fig. 1-1
Chapter 1 – Section 1 (5/2/04) Page 1.1-2
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
The Analog IC Design Flow
Conception of the idea
Definition of the design
Implementation
Simulation
Physical Verification
Parasitic Extraction
Fabrication
Testing and Verification
Product
Comparison
with design
specifications
Comparison
with design
specifications
Physical Definition
Electrical
Design
Physical
Desi
g
n
Fabrication
Testing and
Product
Develo
p
ment
Fig. 1.1-2
Chapter 1 – Section 1 (5/2/04) Page 1.1-3
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
Analog IC Design - Continued
• Electrical Aspects
-
+
v
in
M1 M2
M3 M4
M5
M6
M7
v
out
V
DD
V
SS
V
Bias
C
L
+
-
C
c
Analog
Integrated
Circuit Design
W/L ratios
Topology
DC Currents
;;
L
W
Circuit or
systems
specifications
Fig. 1.1-3
• Physical Aspects
Implementation of the physical design including:
- Transistors and passive components
- Connections between the above
- Busses for power and clock distribution
- External connections
• Testing Aspects
Design and implementation for the experimental verification of the circuit after
fabrication
Chapter 1 – Section 1 (5/2/04) Page 1.1-4
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
Comparison of Analog and Digital Circuits
Analog Circuits Digital Circuits
Signals are continuous in
amplitude and can be continuous
or discrete in time
Signal are discontinuous in
amplitude and time - binary
signals have two amplitude states
Designed at the circuit level Designed at the systems level
Components must have a
continuum of values
Component have fixed values
Customized Standard
CAD tools are difficult to apply CAD tools have been extremely
successful
Requires precision modeling Timing models only
Performance optimized Programmable by software
Irregular block Regular blocks
Difficult to route automatically Easy to route automatically
Dynamic range limited by power
supplies and noise (and linearity)
Dynamic range unlimited
Chapter 1 – Section 1 (5/2/04) Page 1.1-5
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
Skills Required for Analog IC Design
• In general, analog circuits are more complex than digital
• Requires an ability to grasp multiple concepts simultaneously
• Must be able to make appropriate simplifications and assumptions
• Requires a good grasp of both modeling and technology
• Have a wide range of skills - breadth (analog only is rare)
• Be able to learn from failure
• Be able to use simulation correctly
Simulation “truths”:
♦ (Usage of a simulator) x (Common sense) ≈ Constant
♦ Simulators are only as good as the models and the knowledge of those models
by the designer
♦ Simulators are only good if you already know the answers
Chapter 1 – Section 2 (5/2/04) Page 1.2-1
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
SECTION 1.2 - TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ON ANALOG IC DESIGN
Trends in CMOS Technology
• Moore’s law: The minimum feature size tends to decrease by a factor of 1/ 2 every
three years.
• Semiconductor Industry Association roadmap for CMOS
1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
3.0V
2.5V
2.0V
1.5V
1.0V
0.35µm 0.25µm 0.18µm 0.13µm 0.10µm 0.07µm
Feature Size
Power Supply Voltage
Year
Fig. 1.2-1
Desktop Systems
Portable Systems
Chapter 1 – Section 2 (5/2/04) Page 1.2-2
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
Trends in CMOS Technology - Continued
Threshold voltages and power supply:
0.1
1
10
0.01 0.1 1
Power Supply and Threshold Voltage (Volts)
MOSFET Channel Length, µm
2
5
0.5
0.2
0.05
0.02
0.2
0.5
V
DD
V
T
2005-2006
Fig. 1.2-2
(scenario 1)
V
T
(scenario 2)
Analog
Headroom
Chapter 1 – Section 2 (5/2/04) Page 1.2-3
CMOS Analog Circuit Design © P.E. Allen - 2004
Trends in IC Technology
Technology Speed Figure of Merit vs. Time:
77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
100GHz
30GHz
10GHz
3GHz
1GHz
f
t
Year
GaAs
Bipolar
CMOS
HEMTs, HBTs
3µm
2µm
1.5µm
1µm
0.8µm
0.6µm
0.5µm
0.35µm
0.25µm
Carrier Frequency of RF
Cellular Telephony
Fig. 1.2-3B
01
0.18µm
0.13µm
SiGe
03 05
0.09µm
300GHz
Estimated Frequency Performance based on Scaling:
Technology f
t
f
max
0.35 micron 25GHz 40GHz
0.25 micron 40GHz ≈ 60-70GHz
0.18 micron 60GHz ≈ 90-100GHz
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