高性能MySQL第三版 - CSDN文库

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"High Performance MySQL 第三版" 《High Performance MySQL》是Baron Schwartz、Peter Zaitsev和Vadim Tkachenko合著的一本专著，主要关注MySQL数据库的性能优化和管理。这本书深入探讨了如何在实际环境中最大化MySQL的性能，适合数据库管理员、系统架构师以及开发人员阅读。在第三版中，作者们提供了最新的MySQL技术信息，涵盖了从基本的性能调整技巧到复杂的架构设计和故障排查策略。书中涉及的关键知识点包括： 1. **性能调优基础**：讲解了如何通过正确配置MySQL服务器参数来提升性能，如内存设置、日志文件管理等。 2. **查询优化**：深入分析了查询执行计划、索引设计和使用、JOIN操作的优化，以及如何避免全表扫描等技巧。 3. **存储引擎选择与优化**：对比分析了InnoDB、MyISAM和其他存储引擎的特点，帮助读者理解它们在不同场景下的适用性，并给出优化建议。 4. **并发控制与事务处理**：讨论了MySQL的事务隔离级别、死锁检测和解决，以及并发性能的提升方法。 5. **复制与高可用性**：详述了MySQL的主从复制机制，如何实现高可用性和负载均衡，以及复制的故障处理和监控。 6. **备份与恢复策略**：介绍了全量和增量备份的方法，以及在数据丢失或损坏情况下的恢复策略。 7. **监控与性能分析**：提供了监控MySQL性能的工具和指标，以及如何利用这些信息进行问题诊断和性能调优。 8. **扩展与集群**：探讨了MySQL的分布式解决方案，如MySQL Cluster和InnoDB Cluster，以及如何通过分区和分片提升大规模系统的性能。 9. **安全性**：讲解了如何设置权限、保护数据安全以及防止SQL注入攻击。 10. **最新版本特性**：针对当时的MySQL版本（可能是5.x或更早版本），介绍了新特性和改进，帮助读者掌握最新技术动态。本书适合有一定MySQL基础的读者，通过阅读可以提高对MySQL性能优化的理解和实践能力，从而更好地管理和维护MySQL数据库系统。书中实例丰富，理论结合实践，是MySQL性能优化领域的经典之作。

E. Debugging Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

F. Using Sphinx with MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

xiv | Table of Contents

Foreword

I’ve been a fan of this book for years, and the third edition makes a great book even

better. Not only do world-class experts share that expertise, but they have taken the

time to update and add chapters with high-quality writing. While the book has many

details on getting high performance from MySQL, the focus of the book is on the pro-

cess of improvement rather than facts and trivia. This book will help you figure out

how to make things better, regardless of changes in MySQL’s behavior over time.

The authors are uniquely qualified to write this book, based on their experience, prin-

cipled approach, focus on efficiency, and commitment to improvement. By experi-

ence, I mean that the authors have been working on MySQL performance from the days

when it didn’t scale and had no instrumentation to the current period where things are

much better. By principled approach, I mean that they treat this like a science, first

defining problems to be solved and then using reason and measurement to solve those

problems.

I am most impressed by their focus on efficiency. As consultants, they don’t have the

luxury of time. Clients getting billed by the hour want problems solved quickly. So the

authors have defined processes and built tools to get things done correctly and effi-

ciently. They describe the processes in this book and publish source code for the tools.

Finally, they continue to get better at what they do. This includes a shift in concern

from throughput to response time, a commitment to understanding the performance

of MySQL on new hardware, and a pursuit of new skills like queueing theory that can

be used to understand performance.

I believe this book augurs a bright future for MySQL. As MySQL has evolved to support

demanding workloads, the authors have led a similar effort to improve the under-

standing of MySQL performance within the community. They have also contributed

directly to that improvement via XtraDB and XtraBackup. I continue to learn from them

and hope you take the time to do so as well.

—Mark Callaghan, Software Engineer, Facebook

xv

Preface

We wrote this book to serve the needs of not just the MySQL application developer

but also the MySQL database administrator. We assume that you are already relatively

experienced with MySQL. We also assume some experience with general system ad-

ministration, networking, and Unix-like operating systems.

The second edition of this book presented a lot of information to readers, but no book

can provide complete coverage of a topic. Between the second and third editions, we

took notes on literally thousands of interesting problems we’d solved or seen others

solve. When we started to outline the third edition, it became clear that not only would

full coverage of these topics require three to five thousand pages, but the book still

wouldn’t be complete. After reflecting on this problem, we realized that the second

edition’s emphasis on deep coverage was actually self-limiting, in the sense that it often

didn’t teach readers how to think about MySQL.

As a result, this third edition has a different focus from the second edition. We still

convey a lot of information, and we still emphasize the same goals, such as reliability

and correctness. But we’ve also tried to imbue the book with a deeper purpose: we want

to teach the principles of why MySQL works as it does, not just the facts about how it

works. We’ve included more illustrative stories and case studies, which demonstrate

the principles in action. We build on these to try to answer questions such as “Given

MySQL’s internal architecture and operation, what practical effects arise in real usage?

Why do those effects matter? How do they make MySQL well suited (or not well suited)

for particular needs?”

Ultimately, we hope that your knowledge of MySQL’s internals will help you in situa-

tions beyond the scope of this book. And we hope that your newfound insight will help

you to learn and practice a methodical approach to designing, maintaining, and trou-

bleshooting systems that are built on MySQL.

How This Book Is Organized

We fit a lot of complicated topics into this book. Here, we explain how we put them

together in an order that makes them easier to learn.

xvii

A Broad Overview

Chapter 1, MySQL Architecture and History is dedicated to the basics—things you’ll

need to be familiar with before you dig in deeply. You need to understand how MySQL

is organized before you’ll be able to use it effectively. This chapter explains MySQL’s

architecture and key facts about its storage engines. It helps you get up to speed if you

aren’t familiar with some of the fundamentals of a relational database, including trans-

actions. This chapter will also be useful if this book is your introduction to MySQL but

you’re already familiar with another database, such as Oracle. We also include a bit of

historical context: the changes to MySQL over time, recent ownership changes, and

where we think it’s headed.

Building a Solid Foundation

The early chapters cover material we hope you’ll reference over and over as you use

MySQL.

Chapter 2, Benchmarking MySQL discusses the basics of benchmarking—that is, de-

termining what sort of workload your server can handle, how fast it can perform certain

tasks, and so on. Benchmarking is an essential skill for evaluating how the server be-

haves under load, but it’s also important to know when it’s not useful.

Chapter 3, Profiling Server Performance introduces you to the response time–oriented

approach we take to troubleshooting and diagnosing server performance problems.

This framework has proven essential to solving some of the most puzzling cases we’ve

seen. Although you might choose to modify our approach (we developed it by modi-

fying Cary Millsap’s approach, after all), we hope you’ll avoid the pitfalls of not having

any method at all.

In Chapters 4 through 6, we introduce three topics that together form the foundation

for a good logical and physical database design. In Chapter 4, Optimizing Schema and

Data Types, we cover the various nuances of data types and table design. Chapter 5,

Indexing for High Performance extends the discussion to indexes—that is, physical

database design. A firm understanding of indexes and how to use them well is essential

for using MySQL effectively, so you’ll probably find yourself returning to this chapter

repeatedly. And Chapter 6, Query Performance Optimization wraps the topics together

by explaining how MySQL executes queries and how you can take advantage of its

query optimizer’s strengths. This chapter also presents specific examples of many com-

mon classes of queries, illustrating where MySQL does a good job and how to transform

queries into forms that use its strengths.

Up to this point, we’ve covered the basic topics that apply to any database: tables,

indexes, data, and queries. Chapter 7, Advanced MySQL Features goes beyond the

basics and shows you how MySQL’s advanced features work. We examine topics such

as partitioning, stored procedures, triggers, and character sets. MySQL’s implementa-

tion of these features is different from other databases, and a good understanding of

xviii | Preface

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