专家解读：Oracle数据库架构（9i-10g-11g 第二版）

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"Expert.Oracle.Database Architecture(9i-10g-11g第二版)" 是一本由Thomas Kyte编写的关于Oracle数据库架构的专业书籍，主要涵盖了Oracle Database 9i, 10g, 和 11g版本的编程技术和解决方案。这本书由Jonathan Lewis和Ken Jacobs（"Dr.DBA"）作序，并受到了业界的高度评价。本书深入探讨了Oracle数据库的核心架构，包括以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Oracle数据库版本演进**：书中详细介绍了从9i到10g再到11g这三个重要版本的变更和改进，这对于理解Oracle数据库的发展历程和新功能的引入至关重要。 2. **数据库体系结构**：内容可能涵盖Oracle的数据存储结构、内存管理、进程结构、以及如何通过这些组件实现高性能和高可用性。 3. **数据存储与物理结构**：讨论了表空间、数据文件、控制文件、重做日志文件等数据库物理组成部分，以及如何优化这些元素以提高I/O性能。 4. **内存管理**：深入解析SGA（System Global Area）和PGA（Program Global Area），包括它们的组成、作用以及如何调整内存参数以优化系统性能。 5. **并发控制与事务处理**：介绍Oracle的行级锁定机制、多版本并发控制（MVCC）、回滚段和重做日志，帮助读者理解如何在多用户环境中确保数据一致性。 6. **查询优化**：讲解如何使用SQL执行计划，理解CBO（Cost-Based Optimizer）的工作原理，以及如何通过索引、统计信息和提示来优化查询性能。 7. **备份与恢复**：涵盖Oracle的备份策略，如RMAN（Recovery Manager）的使用，以及如何进行数据恢复以应对灾难情况。 8. **高可用性和容错**：包括RAC（Real Application Clusters）、Data Guard、Flashback技术等，这些都是保证Oracle数据库持续运行的关键技术。 9. **程序设计与调优**：讨论PL/SQL编程，以及如何编写高效的存储过程和触发器，同时提供代码调优的技巧。 10. **性能监控与诊断**：介绍AWR（Automatic Workload Repository）和ASH（Active Session History）等工具，以及如何分析和解决性能问题。 11. **安全与权限管理**：解释Oracle的安全模型，包括用户管理、角色、权限和审计，以及最佳实践来保护数据库。通过阅读此书，读者不仅能掌握Oracle数据库的底层原理，还能学习到实用的编程技巧和解决方案，从而提升在实际工作中处理Oracle数据库问题的能力。这本书对于数据库管理员（DBA）、开发人员和系统架构师来说，是一本极具价值的参考资料。

■ CONTENTS

xiv

■ Chapter 12: Datatypes......................................................................................493

An Overview of Oracle Datatypes ................................................................................493

Character and Binary String Types..............................................................................496

NLS Overview .....................................................................................................................................496

Character Strings................................................................................................................................499

Binary Strings: RAW Types ..........................................................................................506

Number Types..............................................................................................................508

NUMBER Type Syntax and Usage .......................................................................................................510

BINARY_FLOAT/BINARY_DOUBLE Type Syntax and Usage.................................................................513

Non-native Number Types..................................................................................................................514

Performance Considerations ..............................................................................................................514

Long Types ..................................................................................................................516

Restrictions on LONG and LONG RAW Types ......................................................................................516

Coping with Legacy LONG Types ........................................................................................................518

Dates, Timestamps, and Interval Types.......................................................................523

Formats ..............................................................................................................................................523

DATE Type ..........................................................................................................................................525

TIMESTAMP Type................................................................................................................................531

INTERVAL Type ...................................................................................................................................538

LOB Types....................................................................................................................541

Internal LOBs ......................................................................................................................................541

BFILEs.................................................................................................................................................552

ROWID/UROWID Types .................................................................................................554

Summary .....................................................................................................................555

■ Chapter 13: Partitioning...................................................................................557

Partitioning Overview ..................................................................................................557

Increased Availability .........................................................................................................................558

Reduced Administrative Burden .........................................................................................................560

Enhanced Statement Performance.....................................................................................................564

■ CONTENTS

Table Partitioning Schemes.........................................................................................566

Range Partitioning ..............................................................................................................................567

Hash Partitioning ................................................................................................................................569

List Partitioning ..................................................................................................................................574

Interval Partitioning ............................................................................................................................575

Reference Partitioning........................................................................................................................581

Composite Partitioning .......................................................................................................................586

Row Movement...................................................................................................................................588

Table Partitioning Schemes Wrap-up.................................................................................................590

Partitioning Indexes.....................................................................................................591

Local Indexes vs. Global Indexes........................................................................................................592

Local Indexes......................................................................................................................................593

Global Indexes ....................................................................................................................................599

Partitioning and Performance, Revisited .....................................................................612

Auditing and Segment Space Compression.................................................................618

Summary .....................................................................................................................619

■ Chapter 14: Parallel Execution.........................................................................621

When to Use Parallel Execution ...................................................................................622

A Parallel Processing Analogy ............................................................................................................623

Oracle Exadata.............................................................................................................624

Parallel Query ..............................................................................................................624

Parallel DML.................................................................................................................630

Parallel DDL .................................................................................................................633

Parallel DDL and Data Loading Using External Tables........................................................................634

Parallel DDL and Extent Trimming......................................................................................................636

Parallel Recovery.........................................................................................................645

Procedural Parallelism.................................................................................................645

Parallel Pipelined Functions ...............................................................................................................646

Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ..................................................................................................................649

■ CONTENTS

xvi

Old School Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ................................................................................................652

Summary .....................................................................................................................656

■ Chapter 15: Data Loading and Unloading.........................................................657

SQL*Loader..................................................................................................................657

Loading Data with SQLLDR FAQs........................................................................................................661

SQLLDR Caveats .................................................................................................................................686

SQLLDR Summary ..............................................................................................................................686

External Tables ............................................................................................................686

Setting Up External Tables .................................................................................................................687

Dealing with Errors.............................................................................................................................693

Using an External Table to Load Different Files..................................................................................696

Multiuser Issues .................................................................................................................................696

External Tables Summary...................................................................................................................697

Flat File Unload............................................................................................................698

Data Pump Unload .......................................................................................................706

Summary .....................................................................................................................708

■ Chapter 16: Data Encryption ............................................................................709

Types of Encryption .....................................................................................................709

Data in Motion ....................................................................................................................................709

Data at Rest ........................................................................................................................................710

Manual Application Encryption...........................................................................................................713

The Oracle Wallet ...............................................................................................................................714

Transparent Column Level Encryption................................................................................................717

Transparent Tablespace Encryption ...................................................................................................719

What Encryption Is Not About ......................................................................................722

Implementing Manual Application Encryption .............................................................723

Reasons to Avoid the Manual Approach .............................................................................................723

Performance Implications of the Manual Approach ...........................................................................724

When to Use the Manual Approach ....................................................................................................729

■ FOREWORD FROM THE FIRST EDITION

xviii

Foreword

I first met the Oracle RDBMS some time in 1988, or possibly 1987, when my manager dumped a small

box on my desk and said something like: “There’s this new product called Oracle just coming into the

country. Play around with it for a few weeks and then tell us what it’s good for.”

The version was something like 5.0.22, and in those days it was a lot easier getting started with

Oracle. The entire printed manual set—including Forms 2.0, SQL*Report, and everything else—would fit

into a small briefcase and the documentation for the create table statement ran to about three pages.

If you check the PDF file for the 11.2 SQL reference manual, you’ll find that create table currently

starts at page 16-6 and runs on to page 16-79 for a total of 74 pages. The last time I checked the total page

count was for 9i, and that was more than 20,000 pages—and I doubt if the number has dropped in 10g

and 11g.

With three (fairly slim) manuals for 5.0.22, it didn’t take me very long to learn about everything that

Oracle was supposed to do and how to do it efficiently. There weren’t many options, so there weren’t

many ways to do things wrong. But how do you get started today when the core of Oracle is hidden

under a huge mass of options and features? Worse, the details you really need to understand are covered

by a mountain of information that is nice to have, but not critical to getting started.

The answer is simple.

Step 1: Read the concepts manual so you have an idea of what it’s all about.

Step 2: Read Tom Kyte’s book so that you can follow a rational progression of learning and

experimenting that leads you from your first “select ‘hello world’ from dual” to the day when you can

confidently say things like “we should use a range partitioned IOT with these columns in the overflow for

this table because … .”

Tom combines three things in this book: a conversational style that makes it easier to read about

technical details and understand the “why” behind the “how”; a structured “storyline” so that you see

the text building towards a target rather than scattering a disjointed collection of random tips; and an

array of carefully constructed demonstrations that teach you how things work and how you should work

and think.

Consider just one example, indexing. There are many types of indexes, so we need a brief

introduction to separate the different types. It’s good to have an idea of how B-tree indexes (for example)

actually work so that we can understand their strengths and weaknesses. Then we can move on to the

idea of function-based indexes—indexes on “data that don’t really exist.” This gets us to the point of

understanding what Oracle can do, but we can (and do) go further with what we can do with Oracle. So

we see how we can put the pieces together to create an index that guarantees uniqueness across subsets

of the data, we see how we can—on a huge data set—create a tiny, low-maintenance index that identifies

exactly the data that we really want to access and minimizes the risk of the optimizer producing a silly

execution plan.

In principle, it’s all in the manuals, but only if we have the insight to take the naked descriptions of

the available commands and see how we can use them to construct solutions to real problems. Tom Kyte

supplies that insight, and then encourages you to go further in developing your own insights.

Frankly, if every DBA and developer in the world were made to work carefully through Tom Kyte’s

book, I’d probably have to start offering consultancy services to SQL Server users because the number of

clients needing Oracle consultancy would drop dramatically.

Jonathan Lewis

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