专业CSS学习指南：200+页实战技巧

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"CSSNotesForProfessionals.pdf" 是一份专业的CSS学习笔记，专为IT专业人士设计，旨在深入讲解CSS的基础知识与高级技巧，共计200多页。这本书涵盖了从入门到进阶的多个主题，帮助读者系统地掌握这门前端开发的关键技术。第1章"Getting started with CSS" 引导读者了解CSS的基本概念，包括： 1.1 外部样式表（External Stylesheet）：章节详细介绍了如何将CSS代码与HTML文档分离，提高代码的可维护性和重用性。 1.2 内部样式（Internal Styles）：这部分介绍了如何在HTML元素内部直接定义CSS样式，适用于临时或简单的样式需求。 1.3 CSS @import规则：讲解了如何通过`@import`指令引入其他CSS文件，便于组织和管理大型项目中的样式。 1.4 内联样式（Inline Styles）：讨论了如何在HTML元素上直接应用CSS样式，但通常推荐使用外部或内部样式来保持代码结构清晰。 1.5 使用JavaScript改变CSS：探讨了JavaScript与CSS的交互，如动态样式调整、响应式布局等高级功能。 1.6 使用CSS样式列表（Styling Lists with CSS）：这部分重点讲解如何优雅地处理列表元素的样式，包括无序列表、有序列表和定义列表等。第二章"Backgrounds" 集中于背景处理，包括： 2.1 背景颜色（BackgroundColor）：介绍了如何设置元素的背景色，以及透明度和混合模式的应用。 2.2 背景渐变（Background Gradients）：展示了如何创建线性或径向渐变，以增加视觉效果。 2.3 背景图像（Background Image）：讲解了如何添加背景图片，包括重复、平铺和定位等选项。 2.4 背景简写属性（Background Shorthand）：介绍了一站式设置多个背景属性的方法，简化了编码过程。 2.5 背景大小（Background Size）：讨论了如何控制背景图像的显示尺寸，适应不同的屏幕尺寸。 2.6 背景位置（Background Position）：详细解释了背景图片在元素上的定位方式，如百分比、像素值等。 2.7 background-origin 属性：讲解了如何决定背景图片相对于元素内容或边框的起点。 2.8 多个背景图像（Multiple Background Image）：阐述了如何同时应用多个背景图片并设置它们的顺序。 2.9 背景固定（Background Attachment）：介绍了背景图片在滚动时的行为，如固定、随滚动而移动等。 2.10 背景裁剪（Background Clip）：说明了如何指定哪些部分的背景应该显示，如元素本身、内容区域或边框。 2.11 背景重复（Background Repeat）：讨论了背景图片的重复模式，包括重复、不重复和只重复一次。这份学习笔记提供了丰富的专业提示和技巧，适合希望通过深入理解CSS提升网页设计和开发技能的专业人士使用。

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CSS Notes for Professionals 8

RGB / RGBa

Another way to declare a color is to use RGB or RGBa.

RGB stands for Red, Green and Blue, and requires of three separate values between 0 and 255, put between

brackets, that correspond with the decimal color values for respectively red, green and blue.

RGBa allows you to add an additional alpha parameter between 0.0 and 1.0 to deﬁne opacity.

header {

background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* black */

}

footer {

background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); /* black with 50% opacity */

}

HSL / HSLa

Another way to declare a color is to use HSL or HSLa and is similar to RGB and RGBa.

HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness, and is also often called HLS:

Hue is a degree on the color wheel (from 0 to 360).

Saturation is a percentage between 0% and 100%.

Lightness is also a percentage between 0% and 100%.

HSLa allows you to add an additional alpha parameter between 0.0 and 1.0 to deﬁne opacity.

li a {

background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); /* green */

}

#p1 {

background-color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, .3); /* green with 30% opacity */

}

Interaction with background-image

The following statements are all equivalent:

body {

background: red;

}

body {

background-color: red;

}

body {

background-color: red;

}

body {

background: red url(partiallytransparentimage.png);

}

CSS Notes for Professionals 9

They will all lead to the red color being shown underneath the image, where the parts of the image are transparent,

or the image is not showing (perhaps as a result of background-repeat).

Note that the following is not equivalent:

body {

background: red;

}

Here, the value of background overrides your background-image.

For more info on the background property, see Background Shorthand

Section 2.2: Background Gradients

Gradients are new image types, added in CSS3. As an image, gradients are set with the background-image property,

or the background shorthand.

There are two types of gradient functions, linear and radial. Each type has a non-repeating variant and a repeating

variant:

linear-gradient()

repeating-linear-gradient()

radial-gradient()

repeating-radial-gradient()

linear-gradient()

A linear-gradient has the following syntax

background: linear-gradient( <direction>?, <color-stop-1>, <color-stop-2>, ...);

Value Meaning

Could be an argument like to top, to bottom, to right or to left; or an angle as 0deg,

90deg... . The angle starts from to top and rotates clockwise. Can be speciﬁed in deg, grad, rad,

or turn. If omitted, the gradient ﬂows from top to bottom

<color-stop-list>

List of colors, optionally followed each one by a percentage or length to display it at. For

example, yellow 10%, rgba(

,.5) 40px, #fff 100%...

For example, this creates a linear gradient that starts from the right and transitions from red to blue

.linear-gradient {

background: linear-gradient(to left, red, blue); /* you can also use 270deg */

}

You can create a diagonal gradient by declaring both a horizontal and vertical starting position.

.diagonal-linear-gradient {

background: linear-gradient(to left top, red, yellow 10%);

}

It is possible to specify any number of color stops in a gradient by separating them with commas. The following

examples will create a gradient with 8 color stops

.linear-gradient-rainbow {

background: linear-gradient(to left, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

CSS Notes for Professionals 10

}

radial-gradient()

.radial-gradient-simple {

background: radial-gradient(red, blue);

}

.radial-gradient {

background: radial-gradient(circle farthest-corner at top left, red, blue);

}

Value Meaning

circle

Shape of gradient. Values are circle or ellipse, default is ellipse.

farthest-corner

Keywords describing how big the ending shape must be. Values are closest-side, farthest-

side, closest-corner, farthest-corner

top left

Sets the position of the gradient center, in the same way as background-position.

Repeating gradients

Repeating gradient functions take the same arguments as the above examples, but tile the gradient across the

background of the element.

.bullseye {

background: repeating-radial-gradient(red, red 10%, white 10%, white 20%);

}

.warning {

background: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, yellow, yellow 10%, black 10%, black 20% );

}

Value Meaning

-45deg

Angle unit. The angle starts from to top and rotates clockwise. Can be speciﬁed in deg, grad, rad, or

turn.

to left

Direction of gradient, default is to bottom. Syntax: to [y-axis(top OR bottom)] [x-axis(left OR

right)] ie to top right

yellow 10%

Color, optionally followed by a percentage or length to display it at. Repeated two or more times.

Note that HEX, RGB, RGBa, HSL, and HSLa color codes may be used instead of color names. Color names were used

for the sake of illustration. Also note that the radial-gradient syntax is much more complex than linear-gradient,

and a simpliﬁed version is shown here. For a full explanation and specs, see the MDN Docs

Section 2.3: Background Image

The background-image property is used to specify a background image to be applied to all matched elements. By

default, this image is tiled to cover the entire element, excluding margin.

.myClass {

}

To use multiple images as background-image, deﬁne comma separated url()

.myClass {

url('/path/to/image2.jpg');

}

The images will stack according to their order with the ﬁrst declared image on top of the others and so on.

Value Result

CSS Notes for Professionals 11

url('/path/to/image.jpg')

Specify background image's path(s) or an image resource speciﬁed with data URI

schema (apostrophes can be omitted), separate multiples by comma

none

No background image

initial

Default value

inherit

Inherit parent's value

More CSS for Background Image

This following attributes are very useful and almost essential too.

background-size: xpx ypx | x% y%;

background-repeat: no-repeat | repeat | repeat-x | repeat-y;

background-position: left offset (px/%) right offset (px/%) | center center | left top | right

bottom;

Section 2.4: Background Shorthand

The background property can be used to set one or more background related properties:

Value Description

CSS

Ver.

background-image

Background image to use 1+

background-color

Background color to apply 1+

background-position

Background image's position 1+

background-size

Background image's size 3+

background-repeat

How to repeat background image 1+

background-origin

How the background is positioned (ignored when background-attachment is

fixed)

background-clip

How the background is painted relative to the content-box, border-box, or the

padding-box

background-attachment

How the background image behaves, whether it scrolls along with its containing

block or has a ﬁxed position within the viewport

initial

Sets the property to value to default 3+

inherit

Inherits property value from parent 2+

The order of the values does not matter and every value is optional

Syntax

The syntax of the background shorthand declaration is:

background: [<background-image>] [<background-color>] [<background-position>]/[<background-size>]

[<background-repeat>] [<background-origin>] [<background-clip>] [<background-attachment>]

[<initial|inherit>];

Examples

background: red;

Simply setting a background-color with the redvalue.

background: border-box red;

Setting a background-clip to border-box and a background-color to red.

background: no-repeat center url("somepng.jpg");

Sets a background-repeat to no-repeat, background-origin to center and a background-image to an image.

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