Helium：去中心化无线网络白皮书，重塑IoT连接

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"1405fc843d16ac615fb74e40461b764a.pdf" 文件是关于HNT&Helium项目的白皮书，该项目旨在解决物联网（IoT）领域的一个关键问题——如何提供一种经济、节能且范围广泛的无线网络连接方式。当前市场上的主流解决方案如移动网络、Wi-Fi和蓝牙存在成本高、能耗大和覆盖范围有限等缺点，这在物联网设备数量庞大的情况下显得尤为不足，据统计，到2021年，全球已连接设备将超过84亿，市场价值预计达到近1.4万亿美元。 Helium项目的核心理念是一个去中心化的无线网络，它允许全球范围内的设备无需依赖耗能大的卫星定位硬件或昂贵的蜂窝数据计划，实现无线互联网接入和位置定位。这个网络的运作基础是一个区块链技术，它内置了一种原生协议代币，这种代币设计成激励机制，旨在构建一个覆盖提供者和使用者之间的双向市场。通过引入区块链技术，项目团队试图打破传统网络服务行业的垄断局面，将无线网络覆盖转变为可交易的商品，用户可以通过贡献带宽来获取HNT代币，同时，这些代币又可以用于支付网络服务费用。在这个模型中，覆盖提供者，如个人或企业，可以通过他们的设备贡献闲置的无线信号，从而获得代币收入；而消费者则能够根据需求购买这些服务，以满足物联网设备的通信需求。这种模式不仅降低了接入成本，提高了效率，还促进了社区的共享精神，使得无线网络服务更加普惠和可持续。白皮书的发布日期为2018年11月14日，由Helium Systems, Inc. 发布，其作者包括Amir Haleem、Andrew Allen、Andrew Thompson、Marc Nijdam和Rahul Garg等人。这份文档详细阐述了项目的技术架构、商业模型以及对行业未来可能产生的深远影响。HNT&Helium项目展示了区块链技术如何在物联网领域中创新性地应用，为无线网络的发展开辟了新的可能性。"

Ethereum. The Helium Consensus Protocol is outlined in

detail in [Section 6].

2.3 Physical Implementation

The Helium network is also a physical wireless network

instantiation. The participants in the Helium network can

be thought of as follows:

WHIP

The Helium network uses a new open wireless pro-

tocol, called WHIP. WHIP is a long-range, low-power,

wireless network protocol suitable for use with commod-

ity open-standards hardware. WHIP compatible hardware

can communicate over many square miles in dense urban

environments or hundreds of square miles in rural settings.

WHIP compatible hardware can also last for several years

using standard batteries. WHIP uses strong public key

cryptography and authentication occurs using the Helium

blockchain, and data is encrypted end-to-end between the

device and corresponding Internet-hosted router.

Hotspots

are physical network devices that provide wide-

area wireless coverage and participate in the Helium net-

work. Hotspots transmit data back and forth between

Routers on the Internet and Devices while generat-

ing Proofs-of-Coverage for the Helium network [Sec-

tion 3]. Hotspots are manufactured using commodity

open-standards components with no proprietary hardware.

Hotspots can co-operate and geolocate Devices using the

Helium network without any additional required hard-

ware. Each Hotspot can support thousands of connected

Devices, and provide coverage over many square miles.

Miners operating Hotspots specify the price they are will-

ing to accept for transport and Proof-of-Location services

for Devices.

Devices

exist in the form of hardware products that contain

a WHIP-compatible radio transceiver and communicate

with Hotspots on the Helium network. WHIP is designed

to facilitate low power data transmission and reception, so

typically Devices exist in the form of battery-powered sen-

sors that can operate for several years using standard bat-

teries (although mains-powered Devices also work quite

well). Devices can exist in a variety of forms, depending

on the product or use case, and a variety of transmission

and reception strategies can be employed to optimize for

transmission/reception frequency or battery life. Device

manufacturers are encouraged to use hardware-based key

storage which can securely generate, store, and authenti-

cate public/private key pairs without leaking the private

key.

In this section, we expand on the components of the wireless

network.

2.4 Wireless Protocol (WHIP)

2.4.1 Motivation

Several Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technolo-

gies are available today. These wireless technologies focus

on creating long-range, low-power Internet communication

for sensors and other smart Devices. Typically these tech-

nologies trade throughput for range, with data rates as low

as 18 bits per second (bps) and range measured in miles.

In comparison, a typical WiFi network has signiﬁcantly

higher data rates but ranges limited to only a few dozen

feet. Several of these new technologies, such as LoRa [6]

and RPMA [7], have gained good traction and there are

many commercial products available compatible with these

systems. However, we believe a decentralized wireless net-

work should use non-proprietary protocols and modulation

schemes and that participants in the Helium network should

have the freedom to choose between competing hardware

vendors. We do not consider an open alliance built on top of

proprietary hardware to be an acceptable compromise. While

there are many open-standard wireless networking stacks,

such as IEEE 802.15.4 [8] used in the ﬁrst generation of our

wireless products, none meet our extremely long range and

low power criteria. It is this lack of open solutions that drove

the creation of a new protocol.

2.4.2 Outline

We introduce WHIP. WHIP is a highly secure, long range,

low power, bi-directional wireless network protocol that is

compatible with a wide range of existing radio transceivers

operating in the sub-GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.

Authentication with the wireless network uses modern public-

key encryption and NIST P-256 ECC key pairs, with the

public keys for all participants stored in the blockchain.

The modulation format is simple and widely supported, easy

to implement and has excellent resistance to RF noise. There

are dozens of vendors implementing radio transceivers com-

patible with WHIP, such as Texas Instruments, Microchip,

and Silicon Labs.

WHIP is a narrowband wireless protocol which creates

several channels within the unlicensed spectrum and employs

frequency hopping to switch between channels. Typically

frequency hopping requires a complex time-synchronized

system that is limited in capacity. However, devices using

WHIP do not need to coordinate with Hotspots on channel

selection as Hotspots are capable of hearing all channels

within the available spectrum at any time. We choose narrow-

band to accomplish the following goals:

Spectral Efﬁciency

It is necessary to operate within unli-

censed RF spectrum very efﬁciently. RF is a shared, lim-

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