精通C# 5.0：第4版编程指南

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"Apress的《程序员指南：C# 5.0第四版》是一本深入介绍C#编程语言的实用手册，专为开发人员设计，旨在帮助读者有效利用C#的各种特性，并掌握最新的C#功能。本书通过讲解C#语言的核心概念和实践技巧，使读者能够理解并应用这些特性解决问题。在阅读过程中，您将学到C#特性的“背后原理”，理解它们的设计初衷，以便在实际编程中得心应手。书中特别关注了C# 5.0的新特性，如如何运用LINQ（Language Integrated Query）来优化数据库操作，以及如何利用异步支持和任务并行库提升程序性能。对于初学者来说，快速入门章节会提供一个基础的环境设置和开发流程，确保您对C#有扎实的理解。从第一章开始，作者会逐步引领读者了解C#和.NET运行时及库的基础，随后探讨诸如类和对象、继承、异常处理、访问修饰符和方法重载等核心概念。接着，作者深入剖析值类型（structs）、接口、版本控制与别名，以及更高级的主题如表达式、转换、数组、属性和泛型类型。为了进一步提升代码组织和效率，章节还包括了索引器、枚举器等内容。这本书不仅注重技术知识的传授，还强调了编程效率和对C#这门成熟且充满活力的语言的深刻理解。无论是希望通过学习新版本C#提升技能的开发者，还是希望巩固现有知识、掌握最佳实践的程序员，都将从中受益匪浅。Apress的编排方式也考虑到读者的便利，部分前言材料放置在索引之后，您可以随时通过书签或目录链接进行查阅，确保您的学习过程流畅高效。"

Chapter 3

Classes 101

Classes are the heart of any application in an object-oriented language. This chapter is broken into several

sections. The first section describes the parts of C# that will be used often, and the later sections describe things

that won’t be used as often, depending on what kind of code is being written.

A Simple Class

A C# class can be very simple:

class VerySimple

{

int m_simpleValue = 0;

}

class Test

{

public static void Main()

{

VerySimple vs = new VerySimple();

}

This class is a container for a single integer. Because the integer is declared without specifying how accessible it

is, it’s private to the VerySimple class and can’t be referenced outside the class. The private modifier could be

specified to state this explicitly.

The integer m_simpleValue is a member of the class; there can be many different types of members, and a

simple variable that is part of the class is known as a field.

In the Main() function, the system creates an instance of the class and returns a reference to the instance.

A reference is simply a way to refer to an instance.

There is no need to specify when an instance is no longer needed. In the preceding example, as soon as the

Main() function completes, the reference to the instance will no longer exist. If the reference hasn’t been stored

elsewhere, the instance will then be available for reclamation by the garbage collector. The garbage collector will

reclaim the memory that was allocated when necessary.

For those of you used to pointers, a reference is a pointer that you can only assign to and dereference.

The garbage collector used in the .NET Runtime is discussed in Chapter 39. At this point it is reasonable to just assume that it

handles all the memory for you.

CHAPTER 3 ■ CLASSES 101

Console.WriteLine("myPoint.x {0}", myPoint.m_x);

Console.WriteLine("myPoint.y {0}", myPoint.m_y);

}

In this example, there is a class named Point, with two integers in the class named m_x and m_y. These

members are public, which means that their values can be accessed by any code that uses the class.

In addition to the data members, there is a constructor for the class, which is a special function that is called to

help construct an instance of the class. The constructor takes two integer parameters. It is called in the Main() method.

In addition to the Point class, there is a Test class that contains a Main function that is called to start the

program. The Main function creates an instance of the Point class, which will allocate memory for the object and

then call the constructor for the class. The constructor will set the values for m_x and m_y. The remainder of the

lines of Main() print out the values of m_x and m_y.

In this example, the data fields are accessed directly. This is usually a bad idea, because it means that users

of the class depend on the names of fields, which constrains the modifications that can be made later.

In C#, rather than writing a member function to access a private value, a property would be used, which gives the

benefits of a member function while retaining the user model of a field. Chapter 16 discusses properties in more detail.

Member Functions

The constructor in the previous example is an example of a member function; a piece of code that is called on an

instance of the object. Constructors can only be called automatically when an instance of an object is created with new.

Other member functions can be declared as follows:

using System;

class Point

{

public Point(int x, int y)

{

m_x = x;

m_y = y;

}

// accessor functions

public int GetX() {return m_x;}

public int GetY() {return m_y;}

// variables now private

int m_x;

int m_y;

}

class Test

{

public static void Main()

{

Point myPoint = new Point(10, 15);

Console.WriteLine("myPoint.X {0}", myPoint.GetX());

Console.WriteLine("myPoint.Y {0}", myPoint.GetY());

}

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精通C# 5.0：第4版编程指南

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