移动宽带的3G演进：HSPA与LTE第二版

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"3G.Evolution.HSPA.and.LTE.for.Mobile.Broadband.2nd.Edition" 本书《3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband》的第二版是一本深入探讨移动宽带技术发展的权威著作，由Erik Dahlman、Stefan Parkvall、Johan Sköld和Per Benging四位专家共同撰写。这本书详细阐述了3G技术的演进，特别是高速分组接入（HSPA）以及长期演进（LTE）技术。 HSPA是3G网络的一个重要升级，它显著提高了数据传输速率，从而增强了移动宽带服务。HSPA包括HSUPA（高速上行链路分组接入）和HSDPA（高速下行链路分组接入），这些技术旨在提升3G网络的上行和下行速度，为用户提供更流畅的互联网体验，如高清视频流、在线游戏和快速文件下载。书中会详细介绍HSPA的工作原理、网络架构、关键技术及其性能优化策略。 LTE，作为4G技术的先驱，致力于提供更高的数据速率和更低的延迟，以满足不断增长的移动数据需求。LTE采用了OFDMA（正交频分多址）和MIMO（多输入多输出）等先进无线通信技术，极大地提升了网络容量和覆盖范围。书中将详细解析LTE的系统设计、频谱效率、移动性管理、网络部署策略以及向5G演进的路径。此外，书中还涵盖了与移动宽带相关的标准发展、频谱分配、网络规划与优化、服务质量（QoS）保证以及与用户设备（UE）的交互等内容。读者可以从中了解到如何实现高效、可靠和灵活的移动网络运营，以及如何应对不断变化的市场需求和技术挑战。此书对理解3G到4G的演进过程，以及HSPA和LTE技术在实际应用中的关键问题具有极高的参考价值，无论是对于电信行业的专业人士，还是对移动通信技术感兴趣的学者，都是不可或缺的参考资料。通过阅读本书，读者将能够深入理解移动通信技术的发展历程，以及这些技术如何塑造了当今的移动互联网世界。

List of Figures

1.1 The standardization phases and iterative process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.2 3GPP organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3 Releases of 3GPP specifications for UTRA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4 The definition of IMT-2000 in ITU-R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1 The terminal development has been rapid the past 20 years. . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 The bit rate – delay service space that is important to cover

when designing a new cellular system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.3 One HSPA and LTE deployment strategy: upgrade to HSPA

Evolution, then deploy LTE as islands in the WCDMA/HSPA sea. . . . 25

3.1 Minimum required E

at the receiver as a function of

bandwidth utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.2 Signal constellations for (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM and (c) 64QAM. . . . . . 35

3.3 Distribution of instantaneous power for different modulation

schemes. Average power is same in all cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.4 Multi-path propagation causing time dispersion and radio-channel

frequency selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.5 Extension to wider transmission bandwidth by means of multi-

carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.6 Theoretical WCDMA spectrum. Raised-cosine shape with roll-off

α  0.22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.1 (a) Per-subcarrier pulse shape and (b) spectrum for basic OFDM

transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.2 OFDM subcarrier spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.3 OFDM modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.4 OFDM time–frequency grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.5 Basic principle of OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.6 OFDM modulation by means of IFFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.7 OFDM demodulation by means of FFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.8 Time dispersion and corresponding received-signal timing. . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.9 Cyclic-prefix insertion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.10 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception. . . . . . . . . . 52

4.11 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception with

‘ one-tap equalization ’ at the receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.12 Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

xvi

4.13 (a) Transmission of single wideband carrier and (b) OFDM

transmission over a frequency-selective channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.14 Channel coding in combination with frequency-domain interleaving

to provide frequency diversity in case of OFDM transmission. . . . . . . . 55

4.15 Subcarrier interference as a function of the normalized Doppler

spread f

Doppler

/ Δf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.16 Spectrum of a basic 5 MHz OFDM signal compared with WCDMA

spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.17 OFDM as a user-multiplexing/multiple-access scheme: (a) downlink

and (b) uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

4.18 Distributed user multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.19 Uplink transmission-timing control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.20 Broadcast scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4.21 Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission. (a) Broadcast and (b) Unicast. . . . . 62

4.22 Equivalence between simulcast transmission and multi-path

propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5.1 General time-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.2 Linear equalization implemented as a time-discrete FIR filter.. . . . . . . . 67

5.3 Frequency-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5.4 Overlap-and-discard processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.5 Cyclic-prefix insertion in case of single-carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . 70

5.6 Orthogonal multiple access: (a) TDMA and (b) FDMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.7 FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5.8 DFTS-OFDM signal generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5.9 PAR distribution for OFDM and DFTS-OFDM, respectively.

Solid curve: QPSK. Dashed curve: 16QAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.10 Basic principle of DFTS-OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.11 DFTS-OFDM demodulator with frequency-domain equalization. . . . . . 77

5.12 Uplink user multiplexing in case of DFTS-OFDM. (a) Equal-

bandwidth assignment and (b) unequal-bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . 78

5.13 Localized DFTS-OFDM vs. Distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

5.14 Spectrum of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM signals. . . . . . . . . 79

5.15 User multiplexing in case of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . 79

6.1 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6.2 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.3 Downlink scenario with a single dominating interferer (special

case of only two receive antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

6.4 Receiver scenario with one strong interfering mobile terminal:

(a) Intra-cell interference and (b) Inter-cell interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

6.5 Two-dimensional space/time linear processing (two receive antennas). . 87

List of Figures

xvii

6.6 Two-dimensional space/frequency linear processing (two receive

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.7 Two-antenna delay diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

6.8 Two-antenna Cyclic-Delay Diversity (CDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6.9 WCDMA Space–Time Transmit Diversity (STTD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.10 Space–Frequency Transmit Diversity assuming two transmit

antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

6.11 Classical beam-forming with high mutual antennas correlation:

(a) antenna configuration and (b) beam-structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

6.12 Pre-coder-based beam-forming in case of low mutual antenna

correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

6.13 Per-subcarrier pre-coding in case of OFDM (two transmit

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

6.14 2  2-antenna configuration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

6.15 Linear reception/demodulation of spatially multiplexed signals. . . . . . . 99

6.16 Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

6.17 Orthogonalization of spatially multiplexed signals by means of

pre-coding. λ

i,i

is the i th eigenvalue of the matrix H

H . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

6.18 Single-codeword transmission (a) vs. multi-codeword

transmission (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

6.19 Demodulation/decoding of spatially multiplexed signals based on

Successive Interference Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

7.1 (a) Power control and (b) rate control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

7.2 Channel-dependent scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

7.3 Example of three different scheduling behaviors for two users with

different average channel quality: (a) max C/I, (b) round robin, and

7.4 Illustration of the principle behavior of different scheduling strategies:

(a) for full buffers and (b) for web browsing traffic model. . . . . . . . . . 119

7.5 Example of Chase combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

7.6 Example of incremental redundancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

8.1 WCDMA evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

8.2 WCDMA radio-access network architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

8.3 WCDMA protocol architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

8.4 Simplified view of physical layer processing in WCDMA. . . . . . . . . . 133

8.5 Channelization codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

9.1 Time- and code-domain structure for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

9.2 Channel-dependent scheduling for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

9.3 Illustration of the HSDPA architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

List of Figures

xviii

9.4 Dynamic power usage with HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

9.5 Channel structure with HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

9.6 MAC-hs and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

9.7 Priority handling in the scheduler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

9.8 Transport-block sizes vs. the number of channelization codes for

QPSK and 16QAM modulation. The transport-block sizes used for

CQI reporting are also illustrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

9.9 Generation of redundancy versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

9.10 Multiple hybrid-ARQ process (six in this example). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

9.11 Protocol configuration when HS-DSCH is assigned. The numbers

in the rightmost part of the figure corresponds to the numbers to

the right in Figure 9.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

9.12 Data flow at UTRAN side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

9.13 Measurements and resource limitations for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

9.14 Change of serving cell for HSPA. It is assumed that both the

source and target NodeB are part of the active set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

9.15 The principle of two-stage rate matching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

9.16 An example of the generation of different redundancy versions in

the case of IR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

9.17 The channel interleaver for the HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

9.18 The priority queues in the NodeB MAC-hs (left) and the

reordering queues in the UE MAC-hs (right). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.19 Illustration of the principles behind reordering queues. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.20 The structure of the MAC-hs header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

9.21 Timing relation for the CQI reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

9.22 HS-SCCH channel coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

9.23 Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH), introduced in Release 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

9.24 Basic structure of uplink signaling with IQ/code-multiplexed

HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

9.25 Detection threshold for the ACK/NAK field of HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . 183

9.26 Enhanced ACK/NAK using PRE and POST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

10.1 Enhanced Uplink scheduling framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

10.2 The architecture with E-DCH (and HS-DSCH) configured. . . . . . . . . . 190

10.3 Separate processing of E-DCH and DCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

10.4 Overall channel structure with HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink.

The new channels introduced as part of Enhanced Uplink are

shown with dashed lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

10.5 MAC-e and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

10.6 Overview of the scheduling operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

10.7 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

10.8 Illustration of relative grant usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

List of Figures

xix

10.9 Illustration of the E-TFC selection process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

10.10 Synchronous vs. asynchronous hybrid ARQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

10.11 Multiple hybrid ARQ processes for Enhanced Uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

10.12 Retransmissions in soft handover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

10.13 Code allocation in case of simultaneous E-DCH and HS-DSCH

operation (note that the code allocation is slightly different when

no HS-DPCCH is configured). Channels with SF  4 are shown

on the corresponding SF4 branch for illustrative purposes. . . . . . . . . 209

10.14 Data flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

10.15 Illustration of the resource sharing between E-DCH and DCH

channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

10.16 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.17 Illustration of UE monitoring of the two identities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.18 Example of common and dedicated scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10.19 Grant table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

10.20 Example of activation of individual hybrid ARQ processes. . . . . . . . 218

10.21 E-TFC selection and hybrid ARQ profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

10.22 E-DCH rate matching and the r and s parameters. The bit

collection procedure is identical to the QPSK bit collection

for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

10.23 Amount of puncturing as a function of the transport block

size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

10.24 Mapping from RSN via RV to s and r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

10.25 Reordering mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

10.26 Structure and format of the MAC-e/es PDU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

10.27 E-DCH-related out-band control signaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

10.28 E-HICH and E-RGCH structures (from the serving cell). . . . . . . . . . . 232

10.29 Illustration of signature sequence hopping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

10.30 E-AGCH coding structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

10.31 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 10 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . 236

10.32 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 2 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . . 237

10.33 E-DPCCH coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

11.1 Example of MBMS services. Different services are provided in

different areas using broadcast in cells 1–4. In cell 5, unicast is

used as there is only single user subscribing to the MBMS

service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

11.2 Example of typical phases during an MBMS session. The

dashed phases are only used in case of multicast and not for

broadcast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

11.3 The gain with soft combining and multi-cell reception in

terms of coverage vs. power for 64 kbit/s MBMS service

List of Figures

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移动宽带的3G演进：HSPA与LTE第二版

3G.Evolution.HSPA.and.LTE.for.Mobile.Broadband - Academic Press 2nd.Edition.Oct.2008

3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 2nd Edition

3g_evolution_hspa_and_lte_for_mobile_broadband_2nd_edition

Mobile broadband

NOT (T.BUSINESS_ID = ANY(500000020064, 500000020340) AND T.OFFER_TYPE IN ('OFFER_PLAN_BROADBAND', 'OFFER_PLAN_WBTV') AND T.EXPIRE_DATE < TO_DATE('20990101', 'YYYYMMDD')

4G技术中，LTE和LTE-Advanced的主要区别是什么，它们是如何提升移动宽带速度和质量的？

将自然光转换成线偏振光的金属超表面，给出相关文献

Discuss the Ethernet and its two types in detail with a diagram. Classic Ethernet Physical Layer, Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol, CSMA/CD with Binary Exponential Backoff, Switched Ethernet

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