vSphere 5.1 性能最佳实践指南

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"vsphere 5.1 best practices" 在虚拟化领域，VMware vSphere 5.1 是一款广泛使用的数据中心虚拟化平台，它提供了包括虚拟服务器、存储、网络和管理在内的全面解决方案。本资源主要关注的是在使用 vSphere 5.1 时的最佳实践，以确保性能优化和系统的稳定运行。 1. 性能最佳实践 - **硬件选择与验证**：为了充分发挥 vSphere 5.1 的性能，硬件选择至关重要。推荐使用经过 VMware 认证的硬件，以确保兼容性和最佳性能。这包括处理器、内存、存储和网络设备。验证硬件意味着通过 VMware HCL（硬件兼容性列表）检查硬件组件是否支持 vSphere 5.1。 2. ESXi 主机配置 - **主机内存规划**：合理分配宿主机内存，确保为虚拟机提供足够的资源，并避免过度配置。内存预留和份额设置有助于防止资源争抢。 - **CPU 配置**：根据工作负载类型和预期增长来选择合适的 CPU 规格，同时考虑启用 CPU 资源调度和超线程技术。 3. vCenter Server 管理 - **版本更新**：保持 vCenter Server 的更新，以获取最新的性能改进和安全补丁。 - **监控与告警**：设置合理的性能监控阈值和告警机制，以便及时发现并解决潜在问题。 - **容量规划**：进行定期的容量规划，预测未来的需求，避免资源不足或过度分配。 4. 虚拟机配置 - **虚拟机模板**：使用模板可以标准化虚拟机配置，简化部署并确保一致性。 - **虚拟机硬件版本**：使用最新版本的虚拟机硬件，以利用 vSphere 5.1 提供的所有新特性。 - **资源分配**：合理分配虚拟机的 CPU 和内存资源，根据实际需求动态调整。 5. 存储最佳实践 - **存储I/O 控制**：启用 Storage I/O Control，以实现存储资源的智能管理，避免 I/O 瓶颈。 - **数据存储选择**：选择高性能、低延迟的存储设备，如 SSD，以满足关键业务的需求。 6. 网络优化 - **分布式交换机配置**：使用 Distributed Switches 可以提高网络灵活性和管理效率。 - **虚拟网络适配器**：根据应用需求选择适当的虚拟网络适配器类型，例如 VMXNET3 提供更好的性能。 7. 高可用性与容错 - **HA 开启**：启用 vSphere High Availability (HA) 功能，确保虚拟机在宿主机故障时能够自动重启。 - **DRS 与 DPM**：启用分布式资源调度 (DRS) 和动态电源管理 (DPM)，自动平衡资源并节省能源。 8. 更新与维护 - **定期更新**：定期检查并安装 vSphere 组件的更新和补丁，以保持系统的安全性。 - **备份与恢复策略**：制定并执行可靠的备份和恢复计划，防止数据丢失。遵循这些最佳实践，用户可以确保 vSphere 5.1 环境的高效运行，减少故障率，提高资源利用率，并为业务连续性提供保障。记住，最佳实践是随着技术发展而不断更新的，因此定期查阅 VMware 官方文档以获取最新建议非常重要。

Performance Best Practices for VMware vSphere 5.1

14 VMware, Inc.

Hardware Networking Considerations

 Before undertaking any network optimization effort, you should understand the physical aspects of the

network. The following are just a few aspects of the physical layout that merit close consideration:

 Consider using server-class network interface cards (NICs) for the best performance.

 Make sure the network infrastructure between the source and destination NICs doesn’t introduce

bottlenecks. For example, if both NICs are 10 Gigabit, make sure all cables and switches are capable

of the same speed and that the switches are not configured to a lower speed.

 For the best networking performance, we recommend the use of network adapters that support the

following hardware features:

 Checksum offload

 TCP segmentation offload (TSO)

 Ability to handle high-memory DMA (that is, 64-bit DMA addresses)

 Ability to handle multiple Scatter Gather elements per Tx frame

 Jumbo frames (JF)

 Large receive offload (LRO)

 On some 10 Gigabit Ethernet hardware network adapters, ESXi supports NetQueue, a technology that

significantly improves performance of 10 Gigabit Ethernet network adapters in virtualized environments.

 Make sure network cards are installed in slots with enough bandwidth to support their maximum

throughput. As described in “Hardware Storage Considerations” on page 11, be careful to distinguish

between similar-sounding—but potentially incompatible—bus architectures.

Ideally single-port 10 Gigabit Ethernet network adapters should use PCIe x8 (or higher) or PCI-X 266 and

dual-port 10 Gigabit Ethernet network adapters should use PCIe x16 (or higher). There should preferably

be no “bridge chip” (e.g., PCI-X to PCIe or PCIe to PCI-X) in the path to the actual Ethernet device

(including any embedded bridge chip on the device itself), as these chips can reduce performance.

 Multiple physical network adapters between a single virtual switch (vSwitch) and the physical network

constitute a NIC team. NIC teams can provide passive failover in the event of hardware failure or network

outage and, in some configurations, can increase performance by distributing the traffic across those

physical network adapters.

VMware, Inc. 15

Chapter 1 Hardware for Use with VMware vSphere

Hardware BIOS Settings

The default hardware BIOS settings on servers might not always be the best choice for optimal performance.

This section lists some of the BIOS settings you might want to check, particularly when first configuring a new

server.

General BIOS Settings

 Make sure you are running the latest version of the BIOS available for your system.

 Make sure the BIOS is set to enable all populated processor sockets and to enable all cores in each socket.

 Enable “Turbo Boost” in the BIOS if your processors support it.

 Make sure hyper-threading is enabled in the BIOS for processors that support it.

 Some NUMA-capable systems provide an option in the BIOS to disable NUMA by enabling node

interleaving. In most cases you will get the best performance by disabling node interleaving (in other

words, leaving NUMA enabled).

 Make sure any hardware-assisted virtualization features (VT-x, AMD-V, EPT, RVI, and so on) are enabled

in the BIOS.

 Disable from within the BIOS any devices you won’t be using. This might include, for example, unneeded

serial, USB, or network ports. See “ESXi General Considerations” on page 17 for further details.

 If the BIOS allows the memory scrubbing rate to be configured, we recommend leaving it at the

manufacturer’s default setting.

Power Management BIOS Settings

VMware ESXi includes a full range of host power management capabilities in the software that can save power

when a host is not fully utilized (see “Host Power Management in ESXi” on page 23). We recommend that you

configure your BIOS settings to allow ESXi the most flexibility in using (or not using) the power management

features offered by your hardware, then make your power-management choices within ESXi.

 In order to allow ESXi to control CPU power-saving features, set power management in the BIOS to “OS

Controlled Mode” or equivalent. Even if you don’t intend to use these power-saving features, ESXi

provides a convenient way to manage them.

 Availability of the C1E halt state typically provides a reduction in power consumption with little or no

impact on performance. When “Turbo Boost” is enabled, the availability of C1E can sometimes even

increase the performance of certain single-threaded workloads. We therefore recommend that you enable

C1E in BIOS.

However, for a very few workloads that are highly sensitive to I/O latency, especially those with low CPU

utilization, C1E can reduce performance. In these cases, you might obtain better performance by disabling

C1E in BIOS, if that option is available.

 C-states deeper than C1/C1E (i.e., C3, C6) allow further power savings, though with an increased chance

of performance impacts. We recommend, however, that you enable all C-states in BIOS, then use ESXi

host power management to control their use.

OTE Because of the large number of different server models and configurations, the BIOS options discussed

below might not be comprehensive for your server.

NOTE After updating the BIOS you should revisit your BIOS settings in case new BIOS options become

available or the settings of old options have changed.

OTE After changes are made to these hardware-assisted virtualization features, some systems might

need a complete power down before the changes take effect. See

http://communities.vmware.com/docs/DOC-8978 for details.

VMware, Inc. 17

This chapter provides guidance regarding ESXi software itself and the virtual machines that run in it.

ESXi General Considerations

This subsection provides guidance regarding a number of general performance considerations in ESXi.

 Plan your deployment by allocating enough resources for all the virtual machines you will run, as well as

those needed by ESXi itself.

 Allocate to each virtual machine only as much virtual hardware as that virtual machine requires.

Provisioning a virtual machine with more resources than it requires can, in some cases, reduce the

performance of that virtual machine as well as other virtual machines sharing the same host.

 Disconnect or disable any physical hardware devices that you will not be using. These might include

devices such as:

 COM ports

 LPT ports

 USB controllers

 Floppy drives

 Optical drives (that is, CD or DVD drives)

 Network interfaces

 Storage controllers

Disabling hardware devices (typically done in BIOS) can free interrupt resources. Additionally, some

devices, such as USB controllers, operate on a polling scheme that consumes extra CPU resources. Lastly,

some PCI devices reserve blocks of memory, making that memory unavailable to ESXi.

 Unused or unnecessary virtual hardware devices can impact performance and should be disabled.

For example, Windows guest operating systems poll optical drives (that is, CD or DVD drives) quite

frequently. When virtual machines are configured to use a physical drive, and multiple guest operating

systems simultaneously try to access that drive, performance could suffer. This can be reduced by

configuring the virtual machines to use ISO images instead of physical drives, and can be avoided entirely

by disabling optical drives in virtual machines when the devices are not needed.

 ESXi 5.1 introduces virtual hardware version 9. By creating virtual machines using this hardware version,

or upgrading existing virtual machines to this version, a number of additional capabilities become

available. Some of these, such as support for virtual machines with up to 64 vCPUs and support for virtual

GPU hardware acceleration, can improve performance for some workloads. This hardware version is not

ESXi and Virtual Machines

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