Unity 3D游戏开发基础教程

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"unity_game_development_essentials 是一本针对Unity 3D初学者的开发教程，主要介绍如何使用这个跨平台的游戏制作工具创建3D游戏。内容涵盖从基础渲染到游戏规则设定等多个方面，旨在帮助新手入门游戏开发。" Unity 3D是一款强大的3D游戏创作软件，它为游戏开发者提供了从图形渲染到游戏逻辑控制等一系列工具。游戏引擎是游戏背后的驱动力，负责处理从艺术作品到屏幕每一帧的数学计算。在Unity中，渲染是将图形显示在屏幕上的关键过程，包括光照、纹理和几何体的处理。开发者可以结合控制方法（如键盘、鼠标或触摸输入）和一套游戏规则来构建游戏世界。现代3D游戏引擎通常包含大量精心编写的代码，因此它们在完成初始设计的游戏项目后，常常会被出售、修改并用于其他游戏和模拟应用。比如Epic Games的Unreal Engine，最初为1990年代末的PC第一人称射击游戏《虚幻》开发，后来因其高度灵活性和强大功能，在众多商业游戏中得到广泛应用。由于商业游戏引擎的复杂性和高昂成本，对于想要进入游戏开发领域的新人来说，这是一个颇具挑战性的领域。因此，像"unity_game_development_essentials"这样的教程就显得尤为重要，它提供了一个学习和实践的平台，让初学者可以通过系统的学习掌握Unity 3D的基本操作和游戏开发流程，从而降低入行门槛。在本书中，读者可以期待学习到以下几个核心知识点： 1. Unity界面和工作流程：了解Unity编辑器的各个部分，如何创建和组织项目。 2. 脚本语言基础：学习C#，Unity的主要脚本语言，用于编写游戏逻辑。 3. 渲染与光照：理解渲染管线，设置材质和纹理，以及创建逼真的光照效果。 4. 物理系统：应用物理引擎来实现碰撞检测和物体动态行为。 5. 摄像机与动画：控制游戏视角，创建角色动画和过场动画。 6. 音频管理：集成音效和音乐，增强游戏沉浸感。 7. 资源管理与优化：学习如何有效地导入和优化3D模型、纹理和其他资源。 8. 场景构建与导航：创建游戏环境，设置导航网格供AI角色使用。 9. 游戏对象交互：设计玩家控制机制，处理游戏事件和输入响应。 10. 游戏状态管理：实现游戏菜单、加载和保存游戏进度等。通过这些知识的学习，初学者将能够逐步构建自己的3D游戏，并对游戏开发的全貌有更深入的理解。随着技术的积累和实践经验的增长，他们将具备独立开发游戏项目的能力。

Assets

These are the building blocks of all Unity projects. From graphics in the form of

image les, through 3D models and sound les, Unity refers to the les you'll use to

create your game as assets. This is why in any Unity project folder all les used are

stored in a child folder named Assets.

This book consists of code les and assets uploaded on our web site

(www.packtpub.com/files/code/8181_Code.zip) and available

for extraction here. Please extract the les from the already mentioned

link to take advantage of the asset codes, an integral part of unity game

development.

Scenes

In Unity, you should think of scenes as individual levels, or areas of game content

(such as menus). By constructing your game with many scenes, you'll be able to

distribute loading times and test different parts of your game individually.

Game Objects

When an asset is used in a game scene, it becomes a new Game Object—referred to

in Unity terms—especially in scripting—using the contracted term "GameObject". All

GameObjects contain at least one component to begin with, that is, the Transform

component. Transform simply tells the Unity engine the position, rotation, and scale

of an object—all described in X, Y, Z coordinate (or in the case of scale, dimensional)

order. In turn, the component can then be addressed in scripting in order to set an

object's position, rotation, or scale. From this initial component, you will build upon

game objects with further components adding required functionality to build every

part of any game scenario you can imagine.

Components

Components come in various forms. They can be for creating behavior, dening

appearance, and inuencing other aspects of an object's function in the game.

By 'attaching' components to an object, you can immediately apply new parts of

the game engine to your object. Common components of game production come

built-in with Unity, such as the Rigidbody component mentioned earlier, down

to simpler elements such as lights, cameras, particle emitters, and more. To build

further interactive elements of the game, you'll write scripts, which are treated as

components in Unity.

Scripts

While being considered by Unity to be Components, scripts are an essential part

of game production, and deserve a mention as a key concept. In this book, we'll

write our scripts in JavaScript, but you should be aware that Unity offers you the

opportunity to write in C# and Boo (a derivative of the Python language) also. I've

chosen to demonstrate Unity with JavaScript, as it is a functional programming

language, with a simple to follow syntax that some of you may already have

encountered in other endeavors such as Adobe Flash development in ActionScript

or in using JavaScript itself for web development.

Unity does not require you to learn how the coding of its own engine works or how

to modify it, but you will be utilizing scripting in almost every game scenario you

develop. The beauty of using Unity scripting is that any script you write for your

game will be straightforward enough after a few examples, as Unity has its own

built-in

Behavior

class—a set of scripting instructions for you to call upon. For many

new developers, getting to grips with scripting can be a daunting prospect, and one

that threatens to put off new Unity users who are simply accustomed to design only.

I will introduce scripting one step at a time, with a mind to showing you not only the

importance, but also the power of effective scripting for your Unity games.

To write scripts, you'll use Unity's standalone script editor. On Mac, this is an

application called Unitron, and on PC, Uniscite. These separate applications can be

found in the Unity application folder on your PC or Mac and will be launched any

time you edit a new script or an existing one. Amending and saving scripts in the

script editor will immediately update the script in Unity. You may also designate

your own script editor in the Unity preferences if you wish.

Prefabs

Unity's development approach hinges around the GameObject concept, but it also

has a clever way to store objects as assets to be reused in different parts of your

game, and then 'spawned' or 'cloned' at any time. By creating complex objects

with various components and settings, you'll be effectively building a template for

something you may want to spawn multiple instances of, with each instance then

being individually modiable. Consider a crate as an example—you may have given

the object in the game a mass, and written scripted behaviors for its destruction;

chances are you'll want to use this object more than once in a game, and perhaps

even in games other than the one it was designed for.

Prefabs allow you to store the object, complete with components and current

conguration. Comparable to the MovieClip concept in Adobe Flash, think of prefabs

simply as empty containers that you can ll with objects to form a data template

you'll likely recycle.

The Scene window and Hierarchy

The Scene window is where you will build the entirety of your game project in

Unity. This window offers a perspective (full 3D) view, which is switchable to

orthographic (top down, side on, and front on) views. This acts as a fully rendered

'Editor' view of the game world you build. Dragging an asset to this window will

make it an active game object. The Scene view is tied to the Hierarchy, which lists

all active objects in the currently open scene in ascending alphabetical order.

The Scene window is also accompanied by four useful control buttons, as shown in

the previous image. Accessible from the keyboard using keys Q, W, E, and R, these

keys perform the following operations:

• The Hand tool [Q]: This tools allows navigation of the Scene window. By

itself, it allows you to drag around in the Scene window to pan your view.

Holding down Alt with this tool selected will allow you to rotate your view,

and holding the Command key (Apple) or Ctrl key (PC) will allow you to

zoom. Holding the Shift key down also will speed up both of these functions.

•

The Translate tool [W]: This is your active selection tool. As you can

completely interact with the Scene window, selecting objects either in the

Hierarchy or Scene means you'll be able to drag the object's axis handles

in order to reposition them.

•

The Rotate tool

[E]: This works in the same way as Translate, using visual

'handles' to allow you to rotate your object around each axis.

• The Scale tool [R]: Again, this tool works as the Translate and Rotate tools

do. It adjusts the size or scale of an object using visual handles.

Having selected objects in either the Scene or Hierarchy, they immediately get

selected in both. Selection of objects in this way will also show the properties of

the object in the Inspector. Given that you may not be able to see an object you've

selected in the Hierarchy in the Scene window, Unity also provides the use of the

F key, to focus your Scene view on that object. Simply select an object from the

Hierarchy, hover your mouse cursor over the Scene window, and press F.

The Inspector

Think of the Inspector as your personal toolkit to adjust every element of any game

object or asset in your project. Much like the Property Inspector concept utilized

by Adobe in Flash and Dreamweaver, this is a context-sensitive window. All this

means is that whatever you select, the Inspector will change to show its relevant

properties—it is sensitive to the context in which you are working.

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