WINNER+项目最终信道模型详解

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"这是一份关于Winner2(WINNER+)项目的D5.3_v1.0文档，主要聚焦于无线通信中的信道建模。该文档由Petteri Heino编辑，作者包括Juha Meinilä、Pekka Kyösti、Lassi Hentilä、Tommi Jämsä、Essi Suikkanen、Esa Kunnari和Milan Narandžić等人。这份1.0版本的文档创建于2010年6月30日，包含了WINNER+项目中520MHz到800MHz、2.53GHz和3.55GHz频段的测量结果。它不仅更新了WINNER II时期的信道模型，还定义并实现了用于硬件仿真测试的信道模型，特别是针对Over-the-Air (OTA)测试的模型。此外，文档中还介绍了OTA测试的一般方法，并且这些信道模型和测试方法学已被贡献给监管和标准化机构。WP5的工作推广也在这部分有所提及。关键词包括：信道模型、实施、无线电、传播、路径、路径损耗等。" Winner2是Cellic项目CP5-026“无线世界倡议新无线电-WINNER+”的一部分，其核心关注的是无线通信的信道建模。信道建模在无线通信领域至关重要，因为它模拟了电磁波在无线通信环境中的传播行为，如反射、折射、散射等，从而帮助设计和优化无线通信系统。这份文档详细记录了在多个频段（520MHz至800MHz、2.53GHz和3.55GHz）的测量数据，这些频段涵盖了多种无线通信应用，如移动通信、物联网等。 WINNER+项目不仅对原有的WINNER II信道模型进行了升级，使其更适合现代无线网络的需求，还特别强调了硬件仿真测试的信道模型。这种模型对于验证和优化通信设备性能，特别是在真实环境中的表现至关重要。OTA测试是评估无线设备在自由空间中性能的重要手段，它能够直接反映设备在实际使用中的信号质量、覆盖范围和抗干扰能力。此外，项目团队还开发了一套OTA测试的方法学，这是确保无线设备在不同环境条件下性能一致性的关键工具。这种方法学的制定和推广，对于行业标准的制定和监管机构的决策具有重要参考价值。值得一提的是，这些研究成果已经共享给了相关的监管和标准化机构，这对于推动整个行业的技术进步和法规制定起到了积极的作用。 Winner2的D5.3_v1.0文档提供了丰富的无线信道建模信息，涵盖了从理论研究到实际应用的多个层面，对于从事无线通信研究和工程实践的专业人士来说，是一份极具价值的参考资料。

WINNER+ D5.3

Version: 1.0 Page 16 (107)

2.2.1.3 Angle spread at BS and MS

In this study we calculated the RMS angle spread for each time instant by using the 3GPP SCM specification [SCM].

Averaging in angular domain was also calculated over the stationary interval, with a sliding window. Figure 2-7

presents the angle spread cumulative density functions and probability density function of the measured urban

scenario. The departure angular spread is clearly smaller compared to the arrival angular spread. This is due to the fact

that the MS was moving at the street level where there are more scattering and reflecting elements that increase the

angular spread.

Figure 2-7. RMS angle spread PDF/CDF of BS (ASD) and MS (ASA) of the urban mobile measurements.

Mean RMS azimuth spread at BS is 30.8˚ and standard deviation is 12.5˚. At UT the mean RMS azimuth spread is

66.9˚ and standard deviation is 15,1˚.

2.2.1.4 Ricean K-factor

The Ricean K-factor analysis is strongly dependent on the selected stationary interval of the channel. In our analyses,

K-factor has been calculated using the Greenstein’s moment’s method [GME99]. The empirical CDFs of the K-factor

are computed by using the vertical component of the super resolution algorithm ISIS results [SJ-03]. It has been

shown in WINNER II data analysis that ISIS-data reflects well the K-factor properties [WIN2D112]. It can be noticed

that the narrowband K-factor follows closely the log-normal distribution. A stationarity interval of 20 λ has been

utilized here, which corresponds to 7.5 m in distance.

Figure 2-8. Narrowband K-factor calculated as a combination of all measured routes.

WINNER+ D5.3

Version: 1.0 Page 19 (107)

2.3.1 Measurement results

To be classified as valid for analysis, the dynamic range (highest peak-to-noise level) of one measured snapshot had to

be at least 23 dB. Then the taps included in the analysis were the ones above the noise threshold, which was set to 20

dB below the power of the strongest tap in the channel impulse response. The number of effective taps included in the

analysis was then the number of taps above the set noise level. (See Figure 2-4.)

2.3.1.1 Path loss and shadow fading

Path loss (PL) is calculated as

,)||(log10

10 RT

GGhPL ++−=

∑

(2-2)

where N is the number of effective paths, h

is the channel coefficient for t delayed path and G

and G

are the antenna

gains at transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx), respectively.

The path loss model for the expected path loss (EPL) is derived using a linear polynomial fit of the measured PL vs.

distance d between transmitter and receiver. The formula for polynomial fit is

),(log10)(log

1010

dnBdABPL

(2-3)

where B is the PL intercept and n is the path loss exponent.

Path loss curves for measured PL, free space PL and expected PL are presented in Figure 2-12 for BS-UT and RS-UT

measurements, respectively. The measured PL is marked with black dots, the free space PL is blue dashed line and the

expected PL is the red line. The path-loss for the BS-UT link behaves in an unexpected manner: The path-loss

decreases as function of distance. By inspecting the BS location and the route of the UT it can be noted that the UT

moves toward deeper shadow when approaching the BS location. At the same time it is assumed to receive strong

reflection from behind. This reflected path increases along the movement. This causes the increasing path-loss while

decreasing distance. Also this phenomenon can be considered to depend on the limited amount of measurement data.

a) BS-UT b) RS-UT

Figure 2-12. Path loss curves from a) BS-UT and b) RS-UT measurements.

The PL for the static BS-RS link (LOS) was measured to be 75.45 dB and the free space PL was 65.74 dB. The

distance between the BS and the RS was approximately 59 metres.

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