Intel 80386程序员参考手册：x86架构开发必备

80386

汇编

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"INTEL 80386开发者手册（英文）" 《INTEL 80386程序员参考手册》是为在x86架构下进行程序开发的专业人士提供的一份重要参考资料，由英特尔公司于1986年出版。这本书详细介绍了80386处理器的内部结构、指令系统、编程模型以及相关的硬件接口，是理解早期x86体系结构的关键文献。 80386是英特尔公司在80286基础上推出的一款32位微处理器，它标志着x86家族进入了一个全新的时代。手册中涵盖了以下主要知识点： 1. **处理器结构**：80386具有复杂的三级分层结构，包括了执行单元、控制单元和存储器管理单元，支持多任务处理和虚拟内存管理。手册详细描述了这些单元的功能和相互作用。 2. **指令集**：80386扩展了80286的指令集，增加了大量的新指令，如浮点运算指令、位操作指令、字符串处理指令等，使得程序性能得到显著提升。手册列举了所有指令的语法、操作和应用示例。 3. **寻址模式**：80386引入了新的段超越寻址方式，支持32位线性地址空间，最大可寻址4GB内存。手册详细解释了各种寻址模式和段机制的工作原理。 4. **保护模式**：80386的保护模式提供了强大的内存管理和权限控制功能，包括页表、环保护、任务切换等。这部分内容对理解和实现操作系统至关重要。 5. **中断和异常处理**：手册详细阐述了80386如何处理硬件和软件中断，以及异常的处理流程，这对于编写驱动程序和系统级代码极其重要。 6. **输入/输出**：80386通过端口I/O进行与外部设备的通信，手册中列出了所有I/O指令并描述了其使用方法。 7. **汇编语言编程**：手册包含了80386汇编语言的详细指南，包括语法、伪指令和调试技巧，帮助程序员编写高效的汇编代码。 8. **硬件接口**：尽管手册主要关注软件层面，但也会介绍一些与硬件交互的基本概念，如中断向量表、DMA（直接内存访问）和中断控制器等。 9. **实时更新**：需要注意的是，由于这份手册是1986年的版本，可能不包含后来的80386改进和扩展，如80386DX、80386SL等变体的特性。由于手册内容丰富，涵盖众多技术细节，因此对于深入理解x86架构的历史和技术演进，以及在x86平台上进行软件开发的工程师来说，是一本不可多得的经典参考资料。尽管是以英文编写，但对于专业程序员来说，这并不会构成太大障碍。在实际开发中，结合最新的处理器规格文档和其他现代参考资料，可以更好地适应不断发展的x86平台。

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INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 16 of 421

1. Protected Mode.

2. Real-Address Mode.

3. Virtual 8086 Mode.

Protected mode is the natural 32-bit environment of the 80386 processor. In

this mode all instructions and features are available.

Real-address mode (often called just "real mode") is the mode of the

processor immediately after RESET. In real mode the 80386 appears to

programmers as a fast 8086 with some new instructions. Most applications of

the 80386 will use real mode for initialization only.

Virtual 8086 mode (also called V86 mode) is a dynamic mode in the sense

that the processor can switch repeatedly and rapidly between V86 mode and

protected mode. The CPU enters V86 mode from protected mode to execute an

8086 program, then leaves V86 mode and enters protected mode to continue

executing a native 80386 program.

The features that are available to applications programs in protected mode

and to all programs in V86 mode are the same. These features form the

content of Part I. The additional features that are available to systems

software in protected mode form Part II. Part III explains real-address

mode and V86 mode, as well as how to execute a mix of 32-bit and 16-bit

programs.

Available in All Modes Part I ── Applications Programming

Available in Protected Part II ── Systems Programming

Mode Only

Compatibility Modes Part III ── Compatibility

1.1.1 Part I ── Applications Programming

This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily

used by applications programmers.

Chapter 2 ── Basic Programming Model: Introduces the models of memory

organization. Defines the data types. Presents the register set used by

applications. Introduces the stack. Explains string operations. Defines the

parts of an instruction. Explains addressing calculations. Introduces

interrupts and exceptions as they may apply to applications programming.

Chapter 3 ── Application Instruction Set: Surveys the instructions commonly

used for applications programming. Considers instructions in functionally

related groups; for example, string instructions are considered in one

section, while control-transfer instructions are considered in another.

Explains the concepts behind the instructions. Details of individual

instructions are deferred until Part IV, the instruction-set reference.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 17 of 421

1.1.2 Part II ── Systems Programming

This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily

used by programmers who write operating systems, device drivers, debuggers,

and other software that supports applications programs in the protected mode

of the 80386.

Chapter 4 ── Systems Architecture: Surveys the features of the 80386 that

are used by systems programmers. Introduces the remaining registers and data

structures of the 80386 that were not discussed in Part I. Introduces the

systems-oriented instructions in the context of the registers and data

structures they support. Points to the chapter where each register, data

structure, and instruction is considered in more detail.

Chapter 5 ── Memory Management: Presents details of the data structures,

registers, and instructions that support virtual memory and the concepts of

segmentation and paging. Explains how systems designers can choose a model

of memory organization ranging from completely linear ("flat") to fully

paged and segmented.

Chapter 6 ── Protection: Expands on the memory management features of the

80386 to include protection as it applies to both segments and pages.

Explains the implementation of privilege rules, stack switching, pointer

validation, user and supervisor modes. Protection aspects of multitasking

are deferred until the following chapter.

Chapter 7 ── Multitasking: Explains how the hardware of the 80386 supports

multitasking with context-switching operations and intertask protection.

Chapter 8 ── Input/Output: Reveals the I/O features of the 80386, including

I/O instructions, protection as it relates to I/O, and the I/O permission

map.

Chapter 9 ── Exceptions and Interrupts: Explains the basic interrupt

mechanisms of the 80386. Shows how interrupts and exceptions relate to

protection. Discusses all possible exceptions, listing causes and including

information needed to handle and recover from the exception.

Chapter 10 ── Initialization: Defines the condition of the processor after

RESET or power-up. Explains how to set up registers, flags, and data

structures for either real-address mode or protected mode. Contains an

example of an initialization program.

Chapter 11 ── Coprocessing and Multiprocessing: Explains the instructions

and flags that support a numerics coprocessor and multiple CPUs with shared

memory.

Chapter 12 ── Debugging: Tells how to use the debugging registers of the

80386.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 18 of 421

1.1.3 Part III ── Compatibility

Other parts of the book treat the processor primarily as a 32-bit machine,

omitting for simplicity its facilities for 16-bit operations. Indeed, the

80386 is a 32-bit machine, but its design fully supports 16-bit operands and

addressing, too. This part completes the picture of the 80386 by explaining

the features of the architecture that support 16-bit programs and 16-bit

operations in 32-bit programs. All three processor modes are used to

execute 16-bit programs: protected mode can directly execute 16-bit 80286

protected mode programs, real mode executes 8086 programs and real-mode

80286 programs, and virtual 8086 mode executes 8086 programs in a

multitasking environment with other 80386 protected-mode programs. In

addition, 32-bit and 16-bit modules and individual 32-bit and 16-bit

operations can be mixed in protected mode.

Chapter 13 ── Executing 80286 Protected-Mode Code: In its protected mode,

the 80386 can execute complete 80286 protected-mode systems, because 80286

capabilities are a subset of 80386 capabilities.

Chapter 14 ── 80386 Real-Address Mode: Explains the real mode of the 80386

CPU. In this mode the 80386 appears as a fast real-mode 80286 or fast 8086

enhanced with additional instructions.

Chapter 15 ── Virtual 8086 Mode: The 80386 can switch rapidly between its

protected mode and V86 mode, giving it the ability to multiprogram 8086

programs along with "native mode" 32-bit programs.

Chapter 16 ── Mixing 16-Bit and 32-Bit Code: Even within a program or task,

the 80386 can mix 16-bit and 32-bit modules. Furthermore, any given module

can utilize both 16-bit and 32-bit operands and addresses.

1.1.4 Part IV ── Instruction Set

Parts I, II, and III present overviews of the instructions as they relate

to specific aspects of the architecture, but this part presents the

instructions in alphabetical order, providing the detail needed by

assembly-language programmers and programmers of debuggers, compilers,

operating systems, etc. Instruction descriptions include algorithmic

description of operation, effect of flag settings, effect on flag settings,

effect of operand- or address-size attributes, effect of processor modes,

and possible exceptions.

1.1.5 Appendices

The appendices present tables of encodings and other details in a format

designed for quick reference by assembly-language and systems programmers.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 20 of 421

● When loading a register, always load the undefined bits as zeros or

reload them with values previously stored from the same register.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

NOTE

Depending upon the values of undefined register bits will make software

dependent upon the unspecified manner in which the 80386 handles these

bits. Depending upon undefined values risks making software incompatible

with future processors that define usages for these bits. AVOID ANY

SOFTWARE DEPENDENCE UPON THE STATE OF UNDEFINED 80386 REGISTER BITS.

Figure 1-1. Example Data Structure

GREATEST DATA STRUCTURE

ADDRESS

31 23 15 7 0 ◄──BIT

╔═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╗ OFFSET

║ ║28

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║24

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║20

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║16

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║12

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║8

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ UNDEFINED ║4

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣ SMALLEST

║ BYTE 3 BYTE 2 BYTE 1 BYTE 0 ║0 ADDRESS

╚═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╝▲

BYTE OFFSET───┘

1.3.3 Instruction Operands

When instructions are represented symbolically, a subset of the 80386

Assembly Language is used. In this subset, an instruction has the following

format:

label: prefix mnemonic argument1, argument2, argument3

where:

● A label is an identifier that is followed by a colon.

● A prefix is an optional reserved name for one of the instruction

prefixes.

● A mnemonic is a reserved name for a class of instruction opcodes that

have the same function.

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