Oracle Data Guard 11g入门手册：专家详解与实战指南

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Oracle Data Guard 11g Handbook 是一本专为初学者设计的优秀指南，针对Oracle Database 11g版本的数据保护技术——Data Guard进行深入解析。该手册由两位经验丰富的专家共同编撰，Larry Carpenter 和 Joe Meeks 联手打造。 Larry Carpenter，作为Oracle USA的杰出产品经理，是Maximum Availability Architecture产品管理团队的一员，专注于Oracle的高可用性和灾难恢复技术。拥有35年的计算机行业经验，其中近20年专注于关键数据库和应用的业务连续性需求。他在Oracle用户社区中被誉为Data Guard专家，同时也是HAT（High Availability Technology）的技术倡导者和全球范围内的企业咨询顾问。他的专长在于确保Oracle灾备解决方案在各种计算环境中的成功部署，并将不断变化的客户需求传递给Oracle的研发团队。他精通英语、意大利语、法语和德语，这使得他的见解具有国际视野。 Joe Meeks则在Oracle的Database High Availability Group中担任产品管理总监，负责管理客户项目，专注于使用Oracle Data Guard以及Oracle Maximum Availability解决方案的数据保护和高可用性策略。他的角色涵盖了对Oracle数据保护产品的深度理解和客户导向的产品开发。通过这本书，读者可以系统地了解Data Guard 11g的核心概念，包括如何设置和配置DG环境，如何实现实时复制和故障切换，以及如何优化性能和恢复策略。此外，书中还将涵盖备份和恢复的最佳实践、高级特性如智能复用、闪回数据归档等，以及如何应对不同类型的灾难场景和业务需求。对于想要深入掌握Oracle数据库灾备管理的人员来说，这本手册是一份宝贵的参考资料，无论是理论学习还是实践经验，都能从中获益良多。

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Contents

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Helpful Hints and Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Avoid Refreshing the Standby Control File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Avoid Using the NOLOGGING Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

OMF—Copying Control File ....................................... 469

Conclusion .......................................................... 470

14 Deployment Architectures ....................................... 471

Manufacturing Company: HA Configuration ................................. 473

Utility Company: Zero Data Loss HA/DR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Retail Brokerage Firm: HA/DR with Zero Data Loss and

Extended Geographic Separation ....................................... 478

Government Agency: Protection from Multi-site Threats ........................ 480

Pharmaceutical Company: Centralized HA/DR and Data Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Web Retailer: HA/DR with Reader-farm Scale Out ............................ 484

Insurance Company: Maximum Availability Architecture ....................... 486

Conclusion .......................................................... 488

A Data Guard vs. Array-based Remote Mirroring Solutions ................ 491

The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Performance ......................................................... 493

Reliability ........................................................... 494

Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Index ....................................................... 497

Foreword

I’ve often said that there is one thing a DBA is not allowed to get wrong, and that is

recovery. To be more general, it is the DBA’s job to ensure that data that cannot ever be

lost is never lost. If you cannot provide for continuous, no data loss access to all of your

corporate data, you have not done the primary job a DBA should do. Providing a solid

disaster recovery contingency is part of the job of the DBA, and Oracle Data Guard is the

way to provide for it.

Oracle provides many features and functions to facilitate data backup, recovery, and

availability. However, there are so many features that at times the implementation and

configuration can be daunting. You’ll have questions such as “What is the ‘best way’ to

provide continuous availability given my circumstances?” “How do I decide between all of

the configurations possible?” “What is the tradeoff of doing it one way versus the other?”

“How does it all actually work under the covers?” This book covers in depth all of these

questions, plus others. The authors, Larry Carpenter, Joe Meeks, Charles Kim, Bill Burke,

Sonya Carothers, Joydip Kundu, Michael Smith, and Nitin Vengurlekar, are experts in the

field. They are the people I go to in order to get answers myself.

The book begins by explaining the Data Guard Architecture, starting with the

transaction log (REDO) information—what role it plays, how it is transmitted, and how it is

ultimately used. The Data Guard architecture is built up, layer by layer, and presented in a

manner that’s easy to understand. You’ll learn not only how the redo is transmitted, but how

the receiving disaster recovery site applies (uses) the redo information. You’ll learn the

differences between a physical standby database and a logical standby database. You’ll be

introduced to Data Guard’s various configuration modes—either for extreme performance

on one hand or for guaranteed zero data loss on the other. You’ll also learn about some

everyday uses for your standby databases; they are not just for failures anymore.

The book progresses to describe the actual physical installation, setup, and configuration

of your standby instances. It starts with a section on “before you even think about setting this

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up, this is what you need to think about”—an approach I like. Rather than just plowing ahead and

making uninformed decisions, you’ll learn about what specifically you need to ask. Important

terms such as Recovery Point Objective (RPO) (the point in time to which data must be protected,

which is a measure of how much “loss” would be acceptable, say from zero to a lot) and Recovery

Time Objective (RTO) (the amount of time you can afford to have the data be unavailable, again

from zero to a lot) are introduced and discussed. Unless you can assign some values to those

metrics, you’ll find it difficult, if not impossible, to make decisions about how to configure your

disaster recovery solution.

After covering how to install and configure your installation, the book addresses performance

considerations, including frequently asked questions. (Believe me, I know. On http://asktom.

oracle.com/, I see them asked frequently.) How do you tune Data Guard? How do you measure

Data Guard response times? Where am I spending my time in Data Guard? All of these questions

and more are covered with sections on tuning the recovery rate (the rate of application of redo at

the disaster recovery site), how to perform Data Guard recovery in parallel, troubleshooting redo

apply issues, and understanding the operational aspects (how it all works). To me, that is key. If

you understand how something works, you are well equipped to “fix” it.

Next in line is a series of chapters on managing your Data Guard environment, either by

using automated tools such as Enterprise Manager or by taking a more “do-it-yourself scripting”

approach.

What follows are chapters covering something you hope never to have to do: failover. Well,

they actually cover switchover, a graceful, reversible process whereby you can turn production

into standby and standby into production, as well as failover. These are areas in which you will

need to practice; you don’t want to find out the day you need to failover that either you don’t

know how to failover, or, even worse, you cannot failover due to a mistake that was not

discovered previously.

The remainder of the book covers other very useful information such as “What else can I use

this standby thing for?” “How does this impact my backup and recovery procedures?” “How have

other people implemented Data Guard and why did they make the choices they did?” “Why is

Data Guard the right way to provide for disaster recovery for my database, and what is wrong

with other methods?” And more.

In short, if you need a roadmap describing how to implement disaster recovery, what you

need to think about, what are your options, and which ones you should explore, under what

circumstances, then this book is for you. It combines the “How does it work?” with “How do I

make it work?” in a practical, hands-on way.

—Thomas Kyte

asktom.oracle.com

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Acknowledgments

We want to acknowledge our sponsoring editor, Lisa McClain, for her commitment to this

book and her patience with all the authors. Thank you for understanding our busy

schedules and personal conflicts while pushing us to deliver in a timely manner. This book

would be delayed by another year without her involvement and nurturing.

We also want to acknowledge our acquisitions coordinator, Meghan Riley, editorial

supervisor, Janet Walden, the meticulous work of copy editor Lisa Theobald, project

manager Vastavikta Sharma, proofreader Paul Tyler, and the entire production and

marketing team at Oracle Press. We would also like to extend our personal gratitude to our

incredible technical editors, Michael Powell and Sreekanth Chintala, for their great review

of all the chapters and contributions.

—Larry, Joe, Charles, Bill, Sonya, Joy, Mike, and Nitin

First and foremost, I’d like to thank Bernadette, my wife of 35-plus years, for putting up

with my insanity and late nights while we were all working on this book. I would not have

made it without her. I would also like to thank Rick Anderson and Mark W. Johnson of

Oracle for first introducing me to Database Disaster Recovery, first with Oracle Rdb

(originally from Digital and an Oracle product since 1994) and then with Oracle Data

Guard starting with Oracle8i. Their dedication to ensuring that our customers were

successful was my guide and support in my endeavors to do the same. Finally, my thanks to

my manager, Ashish Ray, and our senior VP, Juan Loaiza, for allowing me to contribute to

this book.

—Larry Carpenter

Many thanks to the development staff who have made Data Guard the best data

protection and data availability solution for enterprise databases. Additional thanks to the

members of Oracle’s Maximum Availability Architecture team who document and validate

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