Smashing WebKit：深入探索Web开发技术

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"Smashing WebKit 是一本深入探讨 WebKit 的技术书籍，涵盖了从 WebKit 的介绍、CSS3 支持、HTML5 支持、移动 WebKit 到高级 WebKit 开发的多个方面。作者旨在帮助开发者构建更好的网站，通过理解和利用 WebKit 的特性来提升网页性能和用户体验。" 在第一部分“Introducing WebKit”中，读者将了解到 WebKit 的基本概念。WebKit 是一个开源的渲染引擎，广泛应用于网页浏览器和各种设备，包括桌面浏览器（如 Safari 和 Chrome）、移动设备以及富互联网应用程序（RIAs）。WebKit 支持 CSS3、HTML5 和 SVG 等现代网页技术，不过需要注意的是，不同版本的 WebKit 在功能实现上可能存在差异，开发者需要根据目标平台选择合适的版本，并可能需要对核心代码进行修改。第二部分“Getting Started With WebKit Development”介绍了如何设置测试环境和调试工具，这对于 WebKit 开发至关重要。开发者可以针对 Mac 和 PC 平台的不同测试策略进行选择，包括 Chrome 和 Safari 浏览器的测试，以及针对旧版浏览器的兼容性测试。对于移动设备，特别是 iOS 和 Android，书中有专门章节讨论了模拟器的选择和使用，以及如何调试这两个平台上可能出现的问题。此外，书中还涉及了非 WebKit 浏览器如 Firefox、Internet Explorer 和 Opera 的测试方法。第三部分“CSS3 Support in WebKit”深入讲解了如何利用 CSS3 进行高级样式设计，例如，通过 CSS3 实现无图渲染图形，包括边框半径、渐变、@font-face 规则、文本阴影等。这些特性使开发者能够创建更加美观且响应式的网页，提高网页的视觉效果。这本书提供了一个全面的指南，帮助开发者充分利用 WebKit 的优势，实现跨平台、高性能的网页应用。通过深入理解 WebKit 内核和其对 HTML5 和 CSS3 的支持，开发者能够创建出更加先进和用户友好的网页体验。

Last but not least, Part V covers performance tuning. You start by reviewing best practices for optimization as well as generalized approaches

for improving performance in all browsers. Then you learn WebKit-specific optimization techniques that take advantage of the way WebKit

renders pages.

Finally you learn where WebKit is headed in the future, as well as how to contribute to the WebKit project, by submitting both bug reports and

patches to the WebKit core.

Companion Website

Smashing WebKit has a companion site at http://wiley.com/go/smashingwebkit.

The site includes code samples and demos from the examples in this book, as well as links to various resources such as the canvas examples

in Chapter 7 and the performance tests in Chapter 12. It also contains links to some resources not found in the book.

Start Building Better Websites

This book discusses how to build websites and apps that run in WebKit-based browsers, as opposed to native apps that leverage the WebKit

core itself.

Smashing WebKit is geared towards frontend developers, but anyone with a grasp of HTML, CSS and JavaScript can benefit from this book.

Since Smashing WebKit focuses on the cutting-edge WebKit engine, it will be more interesting if you already have a firm grounding in the

basics. However, each section starts at a level that is accessible to anyone with some knowledge of frontend development.

So get ready to dive in and start building more modern websites.

Chapter 1: What Is WebKit?

WebKit is an open-source rendering engine designed to display web pages. It powers Google Chrome and Safari as well as a variety of mobile

devices such as iPhone, iPad, and Android phones and tablets. It also controls rendering in a variety of desktop applications such as Apple Mail

and those created with Adobe AIR.

WebKit basically consists of two components: WebCore and JavaScriptCore. WebCore controls all layout and rendering tasks, creating HTML

visualizations based on DOM markup and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). JavaScriptCore compliments this layout engine with a high-

performance interaction engine that provides feature-rich JavaScript functionality.

This chapter provides a short history of WebKit and a discussion of which browsers, devices, and applications use the engine. You learn the

various components that WebKit supports, as well as how these differ across various implementations.

Quick History

The code that would later become WebKit began in 1998 as part of KDE’s web browser, Konqueror (designed primarily for Linux).

As part of an effort to build their own web browser, Apple forked the HTML and JavaScript engine from KDE in 2002, naming the ported engine

WebKit. Initially Apple and KDE cross-developed the engines, exchanging code patches and enhancements. Then Apple made a number of

unilateral decisions, including converting a portion of the codebase from C++ to Objective C, and dramatically altering other coding

approaches. This along with Apple’s source control and poor documentation led to a split between the KDE project and WebKit in 2005, which

some KDE developers characterized as a “bitter failure.”

In June 2005, Apple announced that it was open-sourcing the entirety of WebKit (previously only WebCore and JavaScriptCore were open-

source). This was reportedly part of an effort to work “more closely with KDE and the rest of the open-source community,” according to Safari

developer Maciej Stachowiak.

As part of the Safari web browser, WebKit gained notoriety in the web community by being the first browser to support a number of CSS3

attributes. While other browsers offered more limited rendering tools, Safari provided a variety of innovative styling controls such as rounded

corners and gradients that could generate richer graphics in CSS.

Even as other browsers began supporting these attributes, WebKit-based browsers stayed ahead of the curve by implementing new features,

such as CSS animations and 2D and 3D transformations. These impressive features provided a robust rendering toolkit, allowing developers

to smoothly animate, rotate, and skew HTML elements using CSS alone. These WebKit innovations proved so useful that they eventually

informed the W3C CSS3 recommendations, and became standards used across all modern browsers today.

Where is WebKit Used?

WebKit’s speed, power, and versatility make it an ideal rendering solution for many situations. The engine is used in a wide variety of

implementations, from desktop browsers to mobile devices and web-enabled applications.

Web browsers

An incredibly feature-rich and fast rendering engine, WebKit is ideal for desktop web browsers. It has been adopted by Google Chrome and

Safari as well as a variety of niche browsers.

At its inception, WebKit represented a very small portion of the browser market share because it was powering only the relatively underused

Safari and Konqueror. Although Safari usage is increasing, it still comprises a modest 7% of the market, and Konqueror’s share is still

negligible.

WebKit’s share of the browser market climbed considerably when it was adopted by the Google Chrome project. Between Chrome and Safari,

WebKit comprises 28% of the desktop browser market (at the time of this writing).

Mobile devices

Recently Mobile WebKit, a special build of WebKit, has become the emerging standard for mobile device browsers. Lightweight yet

surprisingly powerful, Mobile WebKit is an ideal engine for creating rich applications and web experiences on underpowered mobile devices.

The vast majority of smartphones built in recent years use the WebKit framework. Apple iOS devices such as iPhone, iPad and iTouch are all

built upon WebKit. Additionally, WebKit is used by most Android devices, which include a wide variety of phones and tablets. Newer Blackberry

devices, such as the Blackberry Torch, as well as Symbian-based devices use WebKit. Also, WebOS, which powers the Palm Pre and a

number of tablets, is also based on WebKit, however at the time of this writing WebOS’ future is uncertain since it has been abandoned by HP.

RIAs

In addition to web browsers and mobile devices, WebKit is also used in a number of desktop applications. Due to its roots as a web browser,

the vast majority of these apps are rich Internet applications (RIAs).

WebKit powers apps built with Adobe AIR, a cross-platform framework that allows developers to simultaneously program applications for

Windows, Mac, and Linux.

WebKit also is used in Mac OS X dashboard widgets, as well as a number of miscellaneous Mac and Windows apps, such as Apple’s Mail

and Microsoft’s Entourage.

Miscellaneous Devices

The same features that make WebKit ideal for mobile devices also make it an attractive option for other underpowered devices such as

eReaders and video game consoles.

A variety of reading tablets such as the Kindle and Nook use WebKit to offer a stripped-down web browser on their devices. The Nintendo

3DS, a portable video game console, offers a WebKit-based browser as well.

As more devices become web enabled, you will likely see them adopting WebKit as a powerful open-source solution to integrate a web layer.

What Does WebKit Support?

The WebKit engine is known for supporting a wide variety of advanced functionality. WebKit leads the pack when it comes to browser support

for innovative new features in CSS3, HTML5, and JavaScript.

CSS3

WebKit is perhaps best known as the first major engine to support a variety of CSS3 attributes. These features provide developers with an

advanced toolkit for rendering complex web pages without relying on images. WebKit supports rounded corners, gradients, drop shadows,

custom fonts, and alpha transparency, to name a few. Additionally, it supports CSS animations both through transitions as well as keyframes.

Furthermore, WebKit is constantly innovating new experimental attributes and pushing CSS standards into the future.

WebKit also supports a variety of advanced CSS3 selectors, allowing you to choose elements based on their HTML attributes and location in

the DOM. You can select direct descendants and siblings, or even the fifth paragraph in a div. You can leverage the :before and :after

pseudo-elements to inject content directly into the page, and apply special styling based on the state of elements.

You can even take advantage of CSS media queries to tailor styling to different screen dimensions. That means you can create flexible layouts,

which change in response to smaller and larger screen sizes.

HTML5 and SVG

WebKit also supports a number of advanced features in HTML5. For instance, media tags allow you to embed audio and video directly in the

browser, as you learn in Chapter 6. Furthermore, a variety of new form elements can be used to provide a richer user interface without relying

on JavaScript. Additionally, these elements can be coupled with HTML5 form validation to ensure the user fills required fields, enters the correct

information, and sees appropriate error messages.

WebKit supports canvas as well as SVG, enabling you to draw complex vectored shapes directly in the browser. Combining these drawings

with JavaScript interaction, you can build rich applications that rival those built in Flash. With the introduction of WebGL, you can use these

elements to create stunning 3D applications.

Not All WebKits Are Created Equal

One common misconception about WebKit is that the engine is identical across all implementations. Applications not only use different

versions of WebKit, but there are additionally a number of modified versions of the core.

Using Different Versions of WebKit

You probably expect certain changes across different versions of a single browser, or between browsers that use completely different

renderers. But even the latest versions of different WebKit browsers do not necessarily use the same version of the engine.

Although browsers typically use a recent build of WebKit, different browser release schedules lead to disparities at any given time. For instance

Apple took more than a year between releasing Safari versions 5 and 5.1. Throughout this time, the WebKit engine in Safari slowly became

outdated compared to that of Chrome, which had more frequent releases.

Furthermore, browsers often make decisions about which parts of WebKit to support. For example, the default configuration of Chrome enables

WebGL, which is also enabled in recent versions of Safari if the user has Mac OS X version 10.6 or higher. Thus the user’s operating system

can affect how much WebKit functionality is supported in his browser.

Modifying the Core

As mentioned earlier, the WebKit engine is open source, which has led to a variety of modified versions. For instance, Mobile WebKit differs

substantially from the standard core, which means that web apps can behave differently between Desktop and iOS Safari.

Mobile implementations of WebKit even differ from device to device. For instance, Nokia ported the WebKit core to create its Symbian

operating system, and Palm used WebKit to create an interface for WebOS, both of which differ from Mobile WebKit.

This means that you will notice incongruities between different implementations of WebKit, which can prove much more complicated than

disparities between different versions of a single browser.

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