自定义Linux系统：LFS7.2英文版指南

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"Linux From Scratch (LFS) 7.2英文版教程" Linux From Scratch (LFS) 是一套详尽的指南，旨在帮助用户从源代码构建自己的Linux操作系统。LFS 7.2版本由Gerard Beekmans创建，并由Matthew Burgess和Bruce Dubbs编辑，该教程在1999年至2012年间获得了版权保护，采用Creative Commons License授权，同时也允许根据MIT License提取计算机指令。 LFS项目主要针对对操作系统有深入理解并希望亲手构建自定义系统的用户。它涉及的主要目标架构未在摘要中明确，但通常包括常见的x86和x86_64体系结构。LFS关注于遵循开源标准，同时也考虑到了与其他Linux标准的兼容性。在构建LFS系统之前，用户需要满足一定的先决条件，包括一个符合要求的主机系统。主机系统应具备一定的硬件配置，例如足够的磁盘空间和内存，以及支持所需工具和编译环境的现有Linux发行版。Lfs 7.2的摘要提到了一些排版和结构的细节，如术语的使用和文档的结构，这有助于读者更好地理解和遵循构建过程。教程的前言部分包含了对新版本的介绍，阐述了自上一版本以来的变化和更新，以及变更日志。除此之外，还提供了获取帮助和资源的信息，包括错误报告（errata）的渠道，这对于一个技术项目尤其重要，因为用户在构建过程中可能会遇到问题。在实际操作部分，从“Introduction”开始，用户将学习如何构建LFSS系统，包括从创建新的分区到在分区上建立文件系统，再到将必要的工具和软件包安装到这个全新的系统中。这部分涵盖了从基础环境准备到逐步构建核心系统组件的详细步骤，是整个LFS过程的基础。 LFS 7.2是一个深度参与的项目，适合那些寻求技术挑战、想了解Linux操作系统底层工作原理的用户。通过实践LFS教程，用户不仅可以学习到Linux系统的构建过程，还能增强自己的编程和系统管理技能。

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.2

xvi

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

Prerequisites

Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system

administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute

minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list

directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge

of using and installing Linux software.

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following HOWTOs:

• Software-Building-HOWTO http:// www. tldp. org/ HOWTO/ Software- Building- HOWTO. html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux.

Although it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build

and install software.

• The Linux Users' Guide http:// www. linuxhq. com/ guides/ LUG/ guide. html

This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software. This reference is also fairly old, but still valid.

• The Essential Pre-Reading Hint http:// www. linuxfromscratch. org/ hints/ downloads/ files/ essential_ prereading. txt

This is an LFS Hint written specifically for users new to Linux. It includes a list of links to excellent sources of

information on a wide range of topics. Anyone attempting to install LFS should have an understanding of many

of the topics in this hint.

Host System Requirements

Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an

issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate

packages, often in the form of “<package-name>-devel” or “<package-name>-dev”. Be sure to install those if your

distribution provides them.

Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but has not been tested.

• Bash-3.2 (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)

• Binutils-2.17 (Versions greater than 2.22 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Bison-2.3 (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison)

• Bzip2-1.0.4

• Coreutils-6.9

• Diffutils-2.8.1

• Findutils-4.2.31

• Gawk-3.1.5 (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.2

xix

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is

also used to show filenames, such as / etc/ ld. so. conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http:// www. linuxfromscratch. org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file

$LFS/ etc/ group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is

encountered. Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at / usr/ share/ man/ man1/ passwd. 1 and / usr/ share/ man/ man5/ passwd. 5. When

the book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to / usr/ share/ man/ man5/ passwd. 5. man passwd

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