深入Go编程语言指南

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"GO语言程序设计，作者Ivo Balbaert，深入介绍Go编程语言的书籍。" Go语言，又称Golang，是由Google开发的一种静态类型的、编译型的、并发型且具有垃圾回收功能的强类型语言。它设计的目标是提高开发者的生产效率和代码的可读性，同时保持系统的高性能。Ivo Balbaert的《THE WAY TO GO》是一本全面介绍Go编程语言的著作，旨在帮助读者理解Go语言的核心概念和最佳实践。 Go语言的关键特性包括： 1. **简洁的语法**：Go语言的语法设计简洁明了，易于学习和阅读。它避免了C++或Java中的许多复杂性，比如类继承和模板。 2. **并发支持**：Go语言内置了goroutines和channels，这是其并发编程的主要机制。Goroutines是轻量级线程，用于实现多任务执行，而channels则允许goroutines之间安全地通信和共享数据，这在处理高并发场景时非常有用。 3. **垃圾回收**：Go语言使用自动垃圾回收机制，管理内存分配和释放，减轻了程序员的负担。 4. **接口**：Go语言的接口设计简单，通过“鸭子类型”实现多态，只需要实现接口所需的方法即可满足接口要求，无需显式声明。 5. **标准库**：Go语言拥有强大的标准库，特别是网络编程、并发工具、JSON处理和I/O操作方面，提供了丰富的支持。 6. **工具链**：Go语言的工具链包括编译器、包管理器、格式化工具等，这些工具的集成使得开发流程更为高效。 7. **静态链接**：默认情况下，Go程序会静态链接所有依赖，这使得部署更简单，因为不需要额外的运行时环境。在《THE WAY TO GO》这本书中，作者Ivo Balbaert将引导读者逐步了解这些特性，从基本语法开始，到高级特性和实战应用。书中的内容可能涵盖了变量、常量、控制结构（如if、for、switch）、函数、包和模块的使用，以及如何构建和测试Go应用程序。此外，书中还会深入讨论Go语言的并发模型、错误处理、反射、类型系统和Go的性能优化技巧。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅可以掌握Go语言的基本语法，还能了解到如何在实际项目中有效利用Go语言的优势。对于想要学习或提升Go语言编程技能的人来说，这是一份宝贵的资源。

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Chapter 1—Origins, Context and Popularity of Go ..............................................................1

Fig 1.1: The designers of Go: Griesemer, Thompson and Pike .........................................1

Fig 1.2: The logo’s of Go .................................................................................................3

Fig 1.3: Influences on Go ................................................................................................5

Chapter 3—Editors, IDE’s and Other tools.........................................................................28

Fig 3.1: LiteIDE and its AST-view .................................................................................33

Fig 3.2: GoClipse and its outline code-view ..................................................................34

Chapter 4—Basic constructs and elementary data types ......................................................49

Fig 4.1: Value type .........................................................................................................67

Fig 4.2: Assignment of value types .................................................................................67

Fig 4.3: Reference types and assignment ........................................................................67

Fig 4.4: Pointers and memory usage ..............................................................................98

Fig 4.5: Pointers and memory usage, 2 ..........................................................................99

Chapter 7—Arrays and Slices ............................................................................................157

Fig 7.1: Array in memory ............................................................................................158

Fig 7.2: Slice in memory .............................................................................................166

Chapter 9—Packages ........................................................................................................196

Fig 9.1: Package documentation with godoc ................................................................210

Chapter 10—Structs and Methods ....................................................................................224

Fig 10.1: Memory layout of a struct ............................................................................227

Fig 10.2: Memory layout of a struct of structs .............................................................229

Fig. 10.3: Linked list as recursive struct .......................................................................230

Fig 10.4: Binary tree as recursive struct ........................................................................230

Chapter 11—Interfaces and reflection ...............................................................................263

Fig 11.1: Interface value in memory ............................................................................264

Ivo Balbaert

For those of you who are familiar with C or the current object oriented languages, we will compare

the concepts in Go with the corresponding concepts in these languages (throughout the book we

will use the well known OO abrevation, to mean object-oriented).

This text explains everything from the basic concepts onwards, but at the same time we discuss

advanced concepts and techniques such as a number of different patterns when applying goroutines

and channels, how to use the google api from Go, how to apply memoization, how to use testing

in Go and how to use templating in web applications.

In Part I we discuss the origins of the language (ch 1) and get you started with the installation of

Go (ch 2) and a development environment (ch 3).

Part 2 then guides you through the core concepts of Go: the simple and composite types (ch 4, 7,

8), control structures (ch 5), functions (ch 6), structs with their methods (ch 10), and interfaces

(ch 11). The functional and object-oriented aspects of Go are thoroughly discussed, as well as how

Go code in larger projects is structured (ch 9).

Part 3 learns you how to work with files in different formats (ch 12) and how to leverage the

error-handling mechanism in Go (ch 13). It also contains a thorough treatment of Go’s crown

jewel: goroutines and channels as basic technique for concurrent and multicore applications (ch

14). Then we discuss the networking techniques in Go and apply this to distributed and web

applications (ch 15).

Part 4 shows you a number of Go language patterns and idioms (ch 16, 17), together with a

collection of useful code snippets (ch 18). With all of the techniques which you have learned in

the previous chapters, a complete Go project is built (ch 19) and you get an introduction in how

to use Go in the cloud (Google App Engine) (ch 20). In the last chapter (ch 21) we discuss some

real world uses of go in businesses and organizations all over the world. The text is concluded with

quotes of users, listings, references to Go packages and tools, answers to questions and exercises,

and a bibliography of all resources and references.

Go has very much a ‘no nonsense’ approach to it: extreme care has gone into making things easy

and automatic; it adheres to the KISS principle from Agile programming: Keep It Short and

Simple!

Solving or leaving out many of the ‘open’ features in C, C++ or Java makes the developer’s life

much easier! A few examples are: default initializations of variables; memory is allocated and

freed automatically; fewer, but more powerful control constructs. As we will see Go also aims to

prevent unnecessary typing, often Go code is shorter and easier to read than code from the classic

object-oriented languages.

The Way to Go

xxi

Go is simple enough to fit in your head, which can’t be said from C++ or Java; the barrier to entry

is low, compared to e.g. Scala (the Java concurrent language). Go is a modern day C.

Most of the code-examples and exercises provided interact with the console, which is not a surprise

since Go is in essence a systems language. Providing a graphical user interface (GUI) framework

which is platform-independent is a huge task. Work is under way in the form of a number of 3

party projects, so somewhere in the near future there probable will be a usable Go GUI framework.

But in this age the web and its protocols are all pervasive, so to provide a GUI in some examples

and exercises we will use Go’s powerful http and template packages.

We will always use and indicate what is called idiomatic Go-code, by which we mean code which is

accepted as being best practice. We try to make sure that examples never use concepts or techniques

which were not covered up until that point in the text. There are a few exceptions where it seemed

better to group it with the discussion of the basic concept: in that case the advanced concept is

referenced and the § can be safely skipped.

All concepts and techniques are thoroughly explained through 227 working code examples (on a

grey background), printed out and commented in the text and available online for execution and

experimenting.

The book is cross-referenced as much as possible, forward as well as backward. And of course this

is what you must do: after setting up a Go environment with a decent editor, start experimenting

with the code examples and try the exercises: mastering a new language and new concepts can

only be achieved through exercising and experimenting, so the text contains 130 exercises, with

downloadable solutions. We have used the famous Fibonacci algorithm in examples and exercises

in 13 versions to illustrate different concepts and coding techniques in Go.

The book has an website (https://sites.google.com/site/thewaytogo2012/) from where the code

examples can be downloaded and on which complementary material and updates are available.

For your convenience and further paving your path to become a Go master, special chapters are

dedicated to the best practices and language patterns in Go, and another to the pitfalls for the Go

beginner. Handy as a desktop-reference while coding is chapter 18, which is a collection of the

most useful code snippets, with references to the explanations in the text.

And last but not least, a comprehensive index leads you quickly to the page you need at the

moment. All code has been tested to work with the stable Go-release Go 1.

Here are the words of Bruce Eckel, a well known authority on C++, Java and Python:

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