苹果官方iOS应用编程指南

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"Iphone Application Programming Guide 是苹果官方发布的一份针对iOS应用开发的教程文档，它是初学者和开发者入门iOS开发的必备参考资料。这份文档详细介绍了如何在iPhone上进行应用编程，涵盖了从基础概念到高级技术的多个方面。文档内容可能包括应用程序架构、用户界面设计、数据管理、网络通信、性能优化等多个主题，并且会随iOS系统的更新而不断更新，以保持与最新技术同步。" 在iOS应用开发中，以下是一些关键的知识点： 1. **Swift编程语言**：苹果推荐使用Swift作为iOS应用的主要开发语言，它具有强大的功能和简洁的语法。学习Swift的基础语法、类型系统、控制流、函数以及面向对象编程是必要的。 2. **Xcode集成开发环境(IDE)**：Xcode是苹果提供的官方开发工具，包含了代码编辑器、调试器、模拟器等组件，用于编写、测试和调试iOS应用。 3. **UIKit框架**：UIKit是构建iOS用户界面的核心框架，包括视图（View）、控制器（ViewController）和手势识别等功能。 4. **MVC设计模式**：Model-View-Controller是iOS开发中的常用设计模式，用于分离应用程序的数据、展示逻辑和用户交互。 5. **Core Data**：苹果的持久化框架，用于在iOS应用中管理和存储数据。 6. **Auto Layout**和**Size Classes**：用于创建适应不同屏幕尺寸和设备方向的响应式用户界面。 7. **Storyboard**：Xcode中的可视化布局工具，可以方便地设计和连接UI元素。 8. **Network编程**：包括使用URLSession进行HTTP请求，处理JSON数据，以及实现推送通知。 9. **Multithreading**：了解GCD（Grand Central Dispatch）和OperationQueue来处理后台任务，提高应用性能。 10. **App Store Connect**：发布应用时，开发者需要通过App Store Connect进行版本管理、提交审核、查看应用分析等操作。 11. **Apple的隐私和安全政策**：遵循苹果的规定，如获取用户权限、数据加密、App Transport Security (ATS)等，确保应用合规。 12. ** Instruments**：苹果提供的性能分析工具，可以帮助开发者检测内存泄漏、性能瓶颈等问题。 13. **SwiftUI**：苹果新推出的声明式UI框架，提供了一种更简洁的方式来构建用户界面。 14. **ARKit**和**SceneKit**：用于实现增强现实（AR）功能，创建3D场景和游戏。 15. **TestFlight**：苹果的内测分发平台，开发者可以通过它向测试人员分发预发布版本的应用。以上知识点只是iOS开发领域的一部分，实际的开发过程中还需要掌握更多细节和技巧，不断学习和实践才能成为一名优秀的iOS开发者。

For more information about implementing support for file protection in your application, see “Working with

Protected Files” (page 53).

Keychain Data

A keychain is a secure, encrypted container for passwords and other secrets. The keychain data for an

application is stored outside of the application sandbox. When the user backs up application data using

iTunes, the keychain data is also backed up. Before iOS 4.0, keychain data could only be restored to the device

from which the backup was made. In iOS 4.0 and later, a keychain item that is password protected can be

restored to a different device only if its accessibility is not set to

kSecAttrAccessibleAlwaysThisDeviceOnly or any other value that restricts it to the current device.

Upgrading an application does not affect its keychain data.

For more on the iOS keychain, see “Keychain Services Concepts” in Keychain Services Programming Guide.

The File System

Your application and any files it creates share space with the user’s media and personal files on the flash-based

memory of the device. An application can access files using the local file system, which behaves like any

other file system and is accessed using standard system routines. The following sections describe several

things you should be aware of when accessing the local file system.

For information about working with files in iOS, see Low-Level File Management Programming Topics.

A Few Important Application Directories

For security purposes, an application has limited options as to where it can write its data and preferences.

When an application is installed on a device, a home directory is created for the application. Table 1-1 lists

some of the important subdirectories inside this home directory that you might need to access. This table

describes the intended usage and access restrictions for each directory and points out whether the directory’s

contents are backed up by iTunes. For more information about the application home directory itself, see

“The Application Sandbox” (page 14).

Table 1-1 Directories of an iOS application

DescriptionDirectory

This is the bundle directory containing the application

itself. Do not write anything to this directory. To prevent

tampering, the bundle directory is signed at installation

time. Writing to this directory changes the signature and

prevents your application from launching again.

In iOS 2.1 and later, the contents of this directory are not

backed up by iTunes. However, iTunes does perform an

initial sync of any applications purchased from the App

Store.

<Application_Home>/AppName.app

The File System

CHAPTER 1

The Application Runtime Environment

DescriptionDirectory

Use this directory to store user documents and application

data files. The contents of this directory can be made

available to the user through file sharing, which is

described in “Sharing Files with the User’s Desktop

Computer” (page 18).

The contents of this directory are backed up by iTunes.

<Application_Home>/Documents/

This directory is the top-level directory for files that are

not user data files. You typically put files in one of several

standard subdirectories but you can also create custom

subdirectories for files you want backed up but not

exposed to the user. (For information on how to get

references to the standard subdirectories, see “Getting

Paths to Standard Application Directories” (page 51).)

You should not use this directory for user data files.

The contents of this directory (with the exception of the

Caches subdirectory) are backed up by iTunes.

<Application_Home>/Library/

This directory contains application-specific preference

files. You should not create preference files directly but

should instead use the NSUserDefaults class or

CFPreferences API to get and set application preferences;

see also “Adding the Settings Bundle” (page 78).

The contents of this directory are backed up by iTunes.

<Application_Home>/Library/Preferences

Use this directory to write any application-specific support

files that you want to persist between launches of the

application or during application updates. Your

application is generally responsible for adding and

removing these files. It should also be able to re-create

these files as needed because iTunes removes them

during a full restoration of the device.

In iOS 2.2 and later, the contents of this directory are not

backed up by iTunes.

<Application_Home>/Library/Caches

Use this directory to write temporary files that do not

need to persist between launches of your application.

Your application should remove files from this directory

when it determines they are no longer needed. (The

system may also purge lingering files from this directory

when your application is not running.)

In iOS 2.1 and later, the contents of this directory are not

backed up by iTunes.

<Application_Home>/tmp/

For information about how to get the path of specific directories, see “Getting Paths to Standard Application

Directories” (page 51). For detailed information about which application directories are backed up, see “What

Is Backed Up?” (page 18).

The File System 17

CHAPTER 1

The Application Runtime Environment

A Case-Sensitive File System

The file system for iOS-based devices is case sensitive. Whenever you work with filenames, be sure that the

case matches exactly, or your code may be unable to open or access the file.

Sharing Files with the User’s Desktop Computer

Applications that want to make user data files accessible can do so using application file sharing. File sharing

enables the sharing of files between your application and the user’s desktop computer only. It does not allow

your application to share files with other applications on the same device. To share data between applications,

use the pasteboard. To share files between applications, use a document interaction controller object.

For information on how to support file sharing in your application, see “Sharing Files with the User” (page

52).

Backup and Restore

The iTunes application automatically handles the backup and restoration of user data in appropriate situations.

The location of files that your application creates determines whether or not those files are backed up and

restored. As you write your file-management code, you need to be mindful of this fact.

What Is Backed Up?

You do not have to prepare your application in any way for backup and restore operations. In iOS 2.2 and

later, when a device is plugged into a computer and synced, iTunes performs an incremental backup of all

files, except for those in the following directories:

● <Application_Home>/AppName.app

● <Application_Home>/Library/Caches

● <Application_Home>/tmp

Although iTunes does back up the application bundle itself, it does not do this during every sync operation.

Applications purchased from the App Store on a device are backed up when that device is next synced with

iTunes. Applications are not backed up during subsequent sync operations, though, unless the application

bundle itself has changed (because the application was updated, for example).

To prevent the syncing process from taking a long time, you should be selective about where you place files

inside your application’s home directory. Use the <Application_Home>/Documents directory to store user

documents and application data files that need to be backed up. Files used to store temporary data should

be placed in the Application Home/tmp directory and deleted by your application when they are no longer

needed. If your application creates data files that can be used during subsequent launches, but which do

not need to be backed up, place those files in the Application Home/Library/Caches directory.

Backup and Restore

CHAPTER 1

The Application Runtime Environment

Note: If your application creates large data files or files that change frequently, you should consider storing

them in the Application Home/Library/Caches directory and not in the <Application_Home>/Documents

directory. Backing up large data files can slow down the backup process significantly. The same is true for

files that change regularly. Placing these files in the Caches directory prevents them from being backed up

(in iOS 2.2 and later) during every sync operation.

For additional guidance about how you should use the directories in your application, see Table 1-1 (page

16).

Files Saved During Application Updates

When a user downloads an application update, iTunes installs the update in a new application directory. It

then moves the user’s data files from the old installation over to the new application directory before deleting

the old installation. Files in the following directories are guaranteed to be preserved during the update

process:

● <Application_Home>/Documents

● <Application_Home>/Library

Although files in other user directories may also be moved over, you should not rely on them being present

after an update.

iOS Simulator

The iOS Simulator application is a tool you can use to test your applications before deploying them to the

App Store. Simulator provides a runtime environment that is close to, but not identical to, the one found on

an actual device. Many of the restrictions that occur on devices, such as the lack of support for paging to

disk, do not exist in Simulator. Also, technologies such as OpenGL ES may not behave the same way in

Simulator as they would on a device.

For more information about Simulator and its capabilities, see “Using iPhone Simulator” in iOS Development

Guide.

Determining the Available Hardware Support

Applications designed for iOS must be able to run on devices with different hardware features. Although

features such as the accelerometers are always present, some devices may not include a camera or GPS

hardware. If your application requires a feature, it should declare its support for that feature by including the

UIRequiredDeviceCapabilities key in its Info.plist file. For features that are not required, but which

you might want to support when they are present, check to see whether the feature is available before trying

to use it.

iOS Simulator 19

CHAPTER 1

The Application Runtime Environment

Important: If a feature must be present in order for your application to run, you must include the

UIRequiredDeviceCapabilities key in your application’s Info.plist file. This key prevents users from

installing applications on a device that does not support the feature. You should not include a key, however,

if your application can function with or without the given feature. For more information about configuring

this key, see “Declaring the Required Device Capabilities” (page 90).

If your application can function with or without a specific feature, use runtime checks to see whether that

feature is present before attempting to use it. Table 1-2 lists the techniques for determining whether certain

types of hardware or features are available.

Table 1-2 Identifying available features

OptionsFeature

Get the value of the multitaskingSupported property in the UIDevice

class.

For more information about determining the availability of multitasking,

see “Determining Whether Multitasking Support Is Available” (page 65).

To determine if multitasking is

available…

Use the userInterfaceIdiom property of the UIDevice class. This

property is applicable only to universal applications that support different

layouts based on whether the content is intended for iPad versus iPhone

and iPod touch.

For more information on implementing a universal application, see

“Creating a Universal Application” (page 97).

To determine if you should

configure your interface for an

iPad-sized screen or an

iPhone-sized screen…

Get the value of the screens property in the UIScreen class. If the array

contains more than one screen object, one of the objects corresponds to

the main screen and the other corresponds to an external screen.

For more information about displaying content on an external display, see

“Windows” in View Programming Guide for iOS.

To determine if an external

screen is attached…

Get the value of the protectedDataAvailable property in the shared

UIApplication object. For more information on encrypting on-disk

content, see “Working with Protected Files” (page 53).

To determine if hardware-level

disk encryption is available…

If you need to transfer something using the network, just do so and be

prepared to handle any errors that might crop up. The CFNetwork

framework (as well as NSStream and other network interfaces) report errors

when they occur, so you should be sure to provide appropriate error

handlers when using these interfaces.

If you need specific information about the state of the network, you can

use the reachability interfaces of the System Configuration framework to

obtain that information. For an example of how to use the System

Configuration framework, see the sample code project Reachability.

To determine if the network is

available…

Use the isSourceTypeAvailable: method of the UIImagePicker-

Controller class to determine if a camera is available.

For more information, see Camera Programming Topics for iOS.

To determine if the still camera

is available…

Determining the Available Hardware Support

CHAPTER 1

The Application Runtime Environment

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苹果官方iOS应用编程指南

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