GMTED2010全球地形高程数据详解

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GMTED2010（Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010）是由美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey, USGS）发布的一个重要的全球地形高程数据集。该数据集作为U.S. Department of the Interior的开放文件报告2011–1073，旨在提供高精度和多分辨率的地球表面地形信息，支持科学研究、地理信息系统（GIS）应用以及环境管理等众多领域的工作。这个版本的高程数据以TIFF（Tagged Image File Format）格式存储，这是一种广泛用于地图和遥感图像的通用文件格式，支持高质量的图像数据压缩和分层。TIFF文件能够保存地理信息的细节，包括海拔高度、坡度、纹理等，便于用户根据需要进行解析和分析。 GMTED2010的数据来源于对全球范围内的地面测量、卫星遥感数据、航空摄影等多种来源的综合处理。它采用了多分辨率技术，提供了不同尺度的地形数据，以便在大范围区域查看总体趋势，到小区域进行详细研究。这种设计允许用户根据项目需求选择合适的精度级别，提高了数据处理的灵活性和效率。该数据集的开发由Jeffrey J. Danielson和Dean B. Gesch两位专家主导，旨在为全球科学家、政策制定者和公众提供最新的地球表面形态信息，帮助他们理解和应对气候变化、自然灾害、资源管理等问题。为了获取更多关于USGS的信息，包括其科学使命、产品概述和使用授权，用户可以访问官方网站http://www.usgs.gov 或拨打1-888-ASK-USGS。请注意，尽管GMTED2010属于公共领域资源，但在使用任何包含版权材料的资料时，必须获得相应的版权所有者的许可。这体现了尊重知识产权的原则，并确保了数据的合法使用。 GMTED2010是一个关键的IT资源，它提供了详尽的全球地形数据，对于地球科学、地理信息分析和相关研究具有重要意义。通过理解和掌握这一格式和数据集，用户可以在多个领域实现精确的地形建模和可视化，推动科研和技术的发展。

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Introduction

In 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed

a global topographic elevation model designated as GTOPO30

at a horizontal resolution of 30 arc-seconds for the entire

Earth. Because no single source of topographic information

covered the entire land surface, GTOPO30 was derived from

eight raster and vector sources that included a substantial

amount of U.S. Defense Mapping Agency data. The quality

of the elevation data in GTOPO30 varies widely; there are

no spatially-referenced metadata, and the major topographic

features such as ridgelines and valleys are not well repre-

sented. Despite its coarse resolution and limited attributes,

GTOPO30 has been widely used for a variety of hydrological,

climatological, and geomorphological applications as well as

military applications, where a regional, continental, or global

scale topographic model is required. These applications have

ranged from delineating drainage networks and watersheds to

using digital elevation data for the extraction of topographic

structure and three-dimensional (3D) visualization exercises

(Jenson and Domingue, 1988; Verdin and Greenlee, 1996;

Lehner and others, 2008). Many of the fundamental geophysi-

cal processes active at the Earth’s surface are controlled or

strongly inuenced by topography, thus the critical need for

high-quality terrain data (Gesch, 1994). U.S. Department of

Defense requirements for mission planning, geographic regis-

tration of remotely sensed imagery, terrain visualization, and

map production are similarly dependent on

global topographic data.

Since the time GTOPO30 was com-

pleted, the availability of higher-quality

elevation data over large geographic

areas has improved markedly. New data

sources include global Digital Terrain

Elevation Data (DTED

) from the Shuttle

Radar Topography Mission (SRTM),

Canadian elevation data, and data from

the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satel-

lite (ICESat). Given the widespread use

of GTOPO30 and the equivalent 30-arc-

second DTED

level 0, the USGS and the

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

(NGA) have collaborated to produce an

enhanced replacement for GTOPO30, the

Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010

(GMTED2010)

By Jeffrey J. Danielson and Dean B. Gesch

Global Land One-km Base Elevation (GLOBE) model and

other comparable 30-arc-second-resolution global models,

using the best available data. The new model is called the

Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010, or

GMTED2010 for short. This suite of products at three differ-

ent resolutions (approximately 1,000, 500, and 250 meters) is

designed to support many applications directly by providing

users with generic products (for example, maximum, mini-

mum, and median elevations) that have been derived directly

from the raw input data that would not be available to the

general user or would be very costly and time-consuming

to produce for individual applications. The source of all the

elevation data is captured in metadata for reference purposes.

It is also hoped that as better data become available in the

future, the GMTED2010 model will be updated.

Existing GTOPO30 Elevation Model

GTOPO30, a widely used global elevation model, was

produced by the USGS and became available in 1996 (Gesch

and others, 1999). GTOPO30 provides elevations for the entire

global land surface on a grid every 30 arc-seconds of latitude

and longitude, which is about 1-kilometer spacing at the equa-

tor (g. 1).

At the time GTOPO30 was developed, and even today,

no one source of topographic information covered the entire

Figure 1. GTOPO30 elevation model.

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