CakePHP 2.x入门与教程：模型-视图-控制器详解

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CakePHP帮助文档是Cake Software Foundation提供的一份详尽的指南，针对CakePHP框架的2.x版本，发布日期为2012年11月22日。这份文档涵盖了CakePHP的核心概念、安装、配置、教程以及关键组件的使用方法。 1. **Getting Started** 部分引导用户快速入门，介绍了如何创建和配置基本的博客应用，包括设置数据库、模型（如Post Model）、控制器（Posts Controller）和视图（Creating Post Views），同时讲解了数据验证（Data Validation）的重要性。 2. **Blog Tutorial** 实际操作环节，通过一步步地添加功能，如添加新文章（Adding Posts）、编辑（Editing Posts）和删除（Deleting Posts），展示了如何利用CakePHP的路由（Routes）系统来组织URL结构。 3. **Installation** 阐述了安装CakePHP的步骤，包括所需软件的要求（如PHP版本、数据库支持等），以及在开发和生产环境中的不同配置。此外，还讨论了更高级的安装选项和服务器特定配置。 4. **CakePHP Overview** 详细解释了CakePHP框架的本质，强调其MVC（Model-View-Controller）架构的优势，并提供了获取帮助的渠道，以帮助开发者更好地理解和使用框架。 5. **Controllers** 是核心组件之一，文档深入剖析了控制器的作用，如AppController的基础设置、请求参数处理、自定义动作（Controller Actions）、生命周期回调（Request Life-cycle callbacks）以及控制器方法和属性的使用。这部分还提到了更多关于控制器设计的最佳实践。 6. **Views** 介绍了视图模板的使用，包括如何使用视图块（View Blocks）以及布局（Layouts）。视图在与模型和控制器交互中起到展示数据和用户界面的作用。在整个文档中，每一步都有明确的指导和示例，旨在帮助新手快速上手并深入了解CakePHP的内在机制。无论是初次接触的开发者还是有经验的用户，都能从中找到所需的信息和技巧。

CakePHP Cookbook Documentation, Release 2.x

class PostsController extends AppController {

public $helpers = array(’Html’, ’Form’);

}

Now, lets add an action to our controller. Actions often represent a single function or interface in an

application. For example, when users request www.example.com/posts/index (which is also the same as

www.example.com/posts/), they might expect to see a listing of posts. The code for that action would look

something like this:

class PostsController extends AppController {

public $helpers = array(’Html’, ’Form’);

public function index() {

$this->set(’posts’, $this->Post->find(’all’));

}

Let me explain the action a bit. By deﬁning function index() in our PostsController, users can now access

the logic there by requesting www.example.com/posts/index. Similarly, if we were to deﬁne a function

called foobar(), users would be able to access that at www.example.com/posts/foobar.

Warning: You may be tempted to name your controllers and actions a certain way to obtain a certain

URL. Resist that temptation. Follow CakePHP conventions (plural controller names, etc.) and create

readable, understandable action names. You can map URLs to your code using “routes” covered later

on.

The single instruction in the action uses set() to pass data from the controller to the view (which we’ll

create next). The line sets the view variable called ‘posts’ equal to the return value of the find(’all’)

method of the Post model. Our Post model is automatically available at $this->Post because we’ve

followed Cake’s naming conventions.

To learn more about Cake’s controllers, check out the Controllers chapter.

Creating Post Views

Now that we have our data ﬂowing to our model, and our application logic and ﬂow deﬁned by our controller,

let’s create a view for the index action we created above.

Cake views are just presentation-ﬂavored fragments that ﬁt inside an application’s layout. For most applica-

tions they’re HTML mixed with PHP, but they may end up as XML, CSV, or even binary data.

Layouts are presentation code that is wrapped around a view, and can be deﬁned and switched between, but

for now, let’s just use the default.

Remember in the last section how we assigned the ‘posts’ variable to the view using the set() method?

That would hand down data to the view that would look something like this:

// print_r($posts) output:

Array

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CakePHP Cookbook Documentation, Release 2.x

<tr>

<td>

<?php echo $this->Html->link($post[’Post’][’title’],

array(’controller’ => ’posts’, ’action’ => ’view’, $post[’Post’][’id’])); ?>

</td>

</tr>

<?php endforeach; ?>

<?php unset($post); ?>

</table>

Hopefully this should look somewhat simple.

You might have noticed the use of an object called $this->Html. This is an instance of the CakePHP

HtmlHelper class. CakePHP comes with a set of view helpers that make things like linking, form output,

JavaScript and Ajax a snap. You can learn more about how to use them in Helpers, but what’s important to

note here is that the link() method will generate an HTML link with the given title (the ﬁrst parameter)

and URL (the second parameter).

When specifying URLs in Cake, it is recommended that you use the array format. This is explained in more

detail in the section on Routes. Using the array format for URLs allows you to take advantage of CakePHP’s

reverse routing capabilities. You can also specify URLs relative to the base of the application in the form of

/controller/action/param1/param2.

At this point, you should be able to point your browser to http://www.example.com/posts/index. You should

see your view, correctly formatted with the title and table listing of the posts.

If you happened to have clicked on one of the links we created in this view (that link a post’s title to a URL

/posts/view/some_id), you were probably informed by CakePHP that the action hasn’t yet been deﬁned. If

you were not so informed, either something has gone wrong, or you actually did deﬁne it already, in which

case you are very sneaky. Otherwise, we’ll create it in the PostsController now:

class PostsController extends AppController {

public $helpers = array(’Html’, ’Form’);

public function index() {

$this->set(’posts’, $this->Post->find(’all’));

}

public function view($id = null) {

$this->Post->id = $id;

$this->set(’post’, $this->Post->read());

}

The set() call should look familiar. Notice we’re using read() rather than find(’all’) because we

only really want a single post’s information.

Notice that our view action takes a parameter: the ID of the post we’d like to see. This parameter is handed

to the action through the requested URL. If a user requests /posts/view/3, then the value ‘3’ is passed as

$id.

Now let’s create the view for our new ‘view’ action and place it in /app/View/Posts/view.ctp

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CakePHP Cookbook Documentation, Release 2.x

user validation errors or other warnings.

Every CakePHP request includes a CakeRequest object which is accessible using $this->request.

The request object contains useful information regarding the request that was just received, and can be used

to control the ﬂow of your application. In this case, we use the CakeRequest::is() method to check

that the request is a HTTP POST request.

When a user uses a form to POST data to your application, that information is available in

$this->request->data. You can use the pr() or debug() functions to print it out if you want

to see what it looks like.

We use the SessionComponent’s SessionComponent::setFlash() method to set a message

to a session variable to be displayed on the page after redirection. In the layout we have

SessionHelper::flash which displays the message and clears the corresponding session vari-

able. The controller’s Controller::redirect function redirects to another URL. The param

array(’action’ => ’index’) translates to URL /posts i.e the index action of posts controller. You

can refer to Router::url() function on the API (http://api20.cakephp.org) to see the formats in which

you can specify a URL for various Cake functions.

Calling the save() method will check for validation errors and abort the save if any occur. We’ll discuss

how those errors are handled in the following sections.

Data Validation

Cake goes a long way in taking the monotony out of form input validation. Everyone hates coding up endless

forms and their validation routines. CakePHP makes it easier and faster.

To take advantage of the validation features, you’ll need to use Cake’s FormHelper in your views. The

FormHelper is available by default to all views at $this->Form.

Here’s our add view:

<?php

echo $this->Form->create(’Post’);

echo $this->Form->input(’title’);

echo $this->Form->input(’body’, array(’rows’ => ’3’));

echo $this->Form->end(’Save Post’);

Here, we use the FormHelper to generate the opening tag for an HTML form. Here’s the HTML that

$this->Form->create() generates:

If create() is called with no parameters supplied, it assumes you are building a form that submits to the

current controller’s add() action (or edit() action when id is included in the form data), via POST.

The $this->Form->input() method is used to create form elements of the same name. The ﬁrst

parameter tells CakePHP which ﬁeld they correspond to, and the second parameter allows you to specify a

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